PUBH 6011 Final GW LaPuma Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
Major |cell |functions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Major |cell |functions: |provide |structure |and |
support, |facilitate |growth |through |mitosis, |allow |passive |and |active |transport, |produce |energy,
|create |metabolic |reactions, |aid |in |reproduction
Difference |between |viruses |and |bacteria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Viruses |are |not |living, |
cannot |survive |without |a |host, |and |cannot |maintain |homeostasis. |Naked |viruses |are |
environmentally |stable |and |envelope |viruses |can |be |easily |disrupted
Bacteria |are |living, |prokaryotic |organisms. |They |can |live |in |extreme |environments |and |can |live |
in |symbiotic |and |parasitic |relationships |with |plants |and |animals.
Protein |synthesis |and |the |role |of |DNA, |mRNA, |tRNA, |and |ribosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
DNA |is |the |genetic |code |that |is |comprised |of |a |phosphate |backbone, |sugar |(deoxyribose), |and |
a |nitrogenous |base |(Adenine, |Guanine, |Cytosine, |and |Thymine). |It |is |a |double-stranded |ladder |
that |wraps |around |to |form |histones |(which |form |chromosomes).
Transcription |is |carried |out |by |RNA |polymerase |(enzyme) |and |transcription |factors. |RNA |
polymerase |matches |complementary |base |pairings |with |the |original |DNA |strand. |Once |the |
mRNA |strand |is |created, |it |can |serve |as |a |code |for |protein |synthesis |during |translation. |
Translation |is |when |a |protein |is |built |using |the |mRNA |code. |Ribosomes |read |the |code |(3 |bases
|at |a |time) |and |then |create |a |chain |of |amino |acids. |Then, |tRNA |comes |along |to |carry |the |
proper |amino |acid |to |the |ribosome. |Then, |the |chain |folds |into |a |3D |shape |to |form |a |protein.
mRNA |(messenger |RNA) |is |used |in |transcription |and |translation; |it |is |created |from |the |original |
DNA |strand.
tRNA |(transfer |RNA) |is |used |to |match |a |codon |in |an |mRNA |chain |with |the |amino |acid |it |codes |
for.
Ribosomes |are |the |site |of |protein |synthesis; |they |link |amino |acids |together |in |the |order |
specified |by |mRNA
,How |biological |and |genetic |factors |can |influence |response |to |environmental |hazards |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genetic |factors |can |play |a |role |in |heredity |and |age, |and |can |increase |
risk |of |noncommunicable |diseases.
Polymorphisms |and |mutations |cause |variation |by |changing |the |function |of |proteins. |Many |
proteins |(enzymes, |receptors, |etc) |are |associated |with |personal |responses |to |chemicals, |drugs,
|and |other |exposures.
Role |of |microbiome |in |disease |prevention |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |microbiome |stimulates
|the |immune |system, |breaks |down |potentially |toxic |compounds, |and |synthesizes |vitamins |and |
amino |acids. |A |healthy |microbiome |will |provide |protection |against |pathogenic |organisms |that |
enter |the |body. |Anaerobic |bacteria |in |the |colon |and |other |low-oxygen |environments |are |
believed |to |prevent |the |overgrowth |of |harmful |bacteria |by |competing |for |nutrients |and |
attachment |sites |to |the |mucous |membranes |of |the |gut, |a |major |site |of |immune |activity |and |
production |of |antimicrobial |proteins.
How |environmental |factors |influence |genetic |expression |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Epigenetics |
determines |which |genes |are |expressed |(turned |on/off). |This |results |in |heritable |changes |in |
phenotype |without |changes |in |DNA |(genotype).
Mutagens, |or |genotoxic |compounds, |are |compounds |that |are |directly |able |to, |or |with |
metabolic |activation, |alter |DNA |(through |point |mutation |or |chromosomal |aberrations).
Nongenotoxic |compounds |do |not |directly |alter |DNA, |but |may |increase |the |risk |of |cancer |by |
increasing |the |chance |of |replication |errors |or |increased |number |of |cells |at |risk.
Genetic |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Base |Pair |Substitutions |occur |when |there |is |a |
change |in |DNA |sequence. |There |are |3 |kinds: |silent |mutations |occur |when |there |is |a |change |in |
the |base |pair, |but |the |codon |still |codes |for |the |same |amino |acid; |nonsense |mutations |occur |
when |the |change |in |the |base |pair |leads |to |a |codon |for |stop |(instead |of |coding |for |an |amino |
acid); |missense |mutations |occur |when |the |change |in |base |pair |leads |to |a |different |amino |acid |
to |be |coded |for. |Missense |mutations |can |be |conservative |(new |amino |acid |has |similar |
chemical |makeup |and |the |change |doesn't |affect |the |protein |much) |or |nonconservative |(new |
amino |acid |will |change |structure |and |function |of |the |protein)
, Frameshift |Mutations |occur |when |there |is |an |insertion |or |deletion |of |at |least |one |base |pair. |
This |will |almost |always |lead |to |an |altered |protein |(that |is |usually |non-functional)
Macrolesions |are |chromosomal |aberrations |or |mutations. |These |are |often |caused |by |effects |
on |mitosis, |not |the |DNA. |This |can |result |in |changes |to |the |chromosome |structure. |There |are |
four |types: |deletions, |translocation, |duplication, |inversion.
Change |in |Chromosome |Number |is |when |chromosome |(or |chromosome |sets) |increase |or |
decrease |in |number. |This |is |usually |caused |by |nondisjunction |during |meiosis. |Aneuploidy |is |an |
increase/decrease |in |the |number |of |one |or |more |chromosomes. |Polyploidy |is |an |increase |in |
the |whole |set |of |chromosomes |(usually |tripoidy |(69 |chromosomes) |or |tetraploidy |(92 |
chromosomes)
Genotoxic |vs. |non-genotoxic |carcinogens |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genotoxic |carcinogens |
induce |(initiating) |mutations. |There |is |no |safe |exposure |threshold.
Non-genotoxic |carcinogens |can |cause |cancer |by |a |secondary |mechanism |that |is |not |related |to |
gene |damage. |This |could |include |promoting |rapid |cell |growth.
3 |cancer |types |in |the |US |that |cause |the |highest |mortality |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Lung, |
colorectal, |pancreas
innate |vs |adaptive |immunity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Innate |immunity |is |the |nonspecific |
defense |mechanisms |that |come |into |play |immediately |or |within |hours |of |an |antigen's |
appearance |in |the |body. |Examples |include |skin, |chemicals |in |blood, |mucous |membranes, |
immune |system |cells |that |attack |foreign |cells |in |the |body.
Adaptive |immunity |is |when |your |body |fights |something |that |it |has |seen |before. |The |immune |
system |is |able |to |distinguish |self |from |nonself. |The |immune |system |detects |antigens |on |
molecules. |B-cells: |make |antibodies |that |target |specific |pathogens. |T-cells: |kill |pathogens |and |
attack |infected |cells
Antibody/antigen |reactions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antigens |are |substances |that |can |provoke
|an |immune |response. |They |are |proteins |located |on |the |surface |of |the |cell |and |they |have |
distinctive |surface |features |resulting |in |specific |responses.
Questions With Correct Answers
Major |cell |functions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Major |cell |functions: |provide |structure |and |
support, |facilitate |growth |through |mitosis, |allow |passive |and |active |transport, |produce |energy,
|create |metabolic |reactions, |aid |in |reproduction
Difference |between |viruses |and |bacteria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Viruses |are |not |living, |
cannot |survive |without |a |host, |and |cannot |maintain |homeostasis. |Naked |viruses |are |
environmentally |stable |and |envelope |viruses |can |be |easily |disrupted
Bacteria |are |living, |prokaryotic |organisms. |They |can |live |in |extreme |environments |and |can |live |
in |symbiotic |and |parasitic |relationships |with |plants |and |animals.
Protein |synthesis |and |the |role |of |DNA, |mRNA, |tRNA, |and |ribosomes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
DNA |is |the |genetic |code |that |is |comprised |of |a |phosphate |backbone, |sugar |(deoxyribose), |and |
a |nitrogenous |base |(Adenine, |Guanine, |Cytosine, |and |Thymine). |It |is |a |double-stranded |ladder |
that |wraps |around |to |form |histones |(which |form |chromosomes).
Transcription |is |carried |out |by |RNA |polymerase |(enzyme) |and |transcription |factors. |RNA |
polymerase |matches |complementary |base |pairings |with |the |original |DNA |strand. |Once |the |
mRNA |strand |is |created, |it |can |serve |as |a |code |for |protein |synthesis |during |translation. |
Translation |is |when |a |protein |is |built |using |the |mRNA |code. |Ribosomes |read |the |code |(3 |bases
|at |a |time) |and |then |create |a |chain |of |amino |acids. |Then, |tRNA |comes |along |to |carry |the |
proper |amino |acid |to |the |ribosome. |Then, |the |chain |folds |into |a |3D |shape |to |form |a |protein.
mRNA |(messenger |RNA) |is |used |in |transcription |and |translation; |it |is |created |from |the |original |
DNA |strand.
tRNA |(transfer |RNA) |is |used |to |match |a |codon |in |an |mRNA |chain |with |the |amino |acid |it |codes |
for.
Ribosomes |are |the |site |of |protein |synthesis; |they |link |amino |acids |together |in |the |order |
specified |by |mRNA
,How |biological |and |genetic |factors |can |influence |response |to |environmental |hazards |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genetic |factors |can |play |a |role |in |heredity |and |age, |and |can |increase |
risk |of |noncommunicable |diseases.
Polymorphisms |and |mutations |cause |variation |by |changing |the |function |of |proteins. |Many |
proteins |(enzymes, |receptors, |etc) |are |associated |with |personal |responses |to |chemicals, |drugs,
|and |other |exposures.
Role |of |microbiome |in |disease |prevention |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |microbiome |stimulates
|the |immune |system, |breaks |down |potentially |toxic |compounds, |and |synthesizes |vitamins |and |
amino |acids. |A |healthy |microbiome |will |provide |protection |against |pathogenic |organisms |that |
enter |the |body. |Anaerobic |bacteria |in |the |colon |and |other |low-oxygen |environments |are |
believed |to |prevent |the |overgrowth |of |harmful |bacteria |by |competing |for |nutrients |and |
attachment |sites |to |the |mucous |membranes |of |the |gut, |a |major |site |of |immune |activity |and |
production |of |antimicrobial |proteins.
How |environmental |factors |influence |genetic |expression |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Epigenetics |
determines |which |genes |are |expressed |(turned |on/off). |This |results |in |heritable |changes |in |
phenotype |without |changes |in |DNA |(genotype).
Mutagens, |or |genotoxic |compounds, |are |compounds |that |are |directly |able |to, |or |with |
metabolic |activation, |alter |DNA |(through |point |mutation |or |chromosomal |aberrations).
Nongenotoxic |compounds |do |not |directly |alter |DNA, |but |may |increase |the |risk |of |cancer |by |
increasing |the |chance |of |replication |errors |or |increased |number |of |cells |at |risk.
Genetic |mutations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Base |Pair |Substitutions |occur |when |there |is |a |
change |in |DNA |sequence. |There |are |3 |kinds: |silent |mutations |occur |when |there |is |a |change |in |
the |base |pair, |but |the |codon |still |codes |for |the |same |amino |acid; |nonsense |mutations |occur |
when |the |change |in |the |base |pair |leads |to |a |codon |for |stop |(instead |of |coding |for |an |amino |
acid); |missense |mutations |occur |when |the |change |in |base |pair |leads |to |a |different |amino |acid |
to |be |coded |for. |Missense |mutations |can |be |conservative |(new |amino |acid |has |similar |
chemical |makeup |and |the |change |doesn't |affect |the |protein |much) |or |nonconservative |(new |
amino |acid |will |change |structure |and |function |of |the |protein)
, Frameshift |Mutations |occur |when |there |is |an |insertion |or |deletion |of |at |least |one |base |pair. |
This |will |almost |always |lead |to |an |altered |protein |(that |is |usually |non-functional)
Macrolesions |are |chromosomal |aberrations |or |mutations. |These |are |often |caused |by |effects |
on |mitosis, |not |the |DNA. |This |can |result |in |changes |to |the |chromosome |structure. |There |are |
four |types: |deletions, |translocation, |duplication, |inversion.
Change |in |Chromosome |Number |is |when |chromosome |(or |chromosome |sets) |increase |or |
decrease |in |number. |This |is |usually |caused |by |nondisjunction |during |meiosis. |Aneuploidy |is |an |
increase/decrease |in |the |number |of |one |or |more |chromosomes. |Polyploidy |is |an |increase |in |
the |whole |set |of |chromosomes |(usually |tripoidy |(69 |chromosomes) |or |tetraploidy |(92 |
chromosomes)
Genotoxic |vs. |non-genotoxic |carcinogens |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Genotoxic |carcinogens |
induce |(initiating) |mutations. |There |is |no |safe |exposure |threshold.
Non-genotoxic |carcinogens |can |cause |cancer |by |a |secondary |mechanism |that |is |not |related |to |
gene |damage. |This |could |include |promoting |rapid |cell |growth.
3 |cancer |types |in |the |US |that |cause |the |highest |mortality |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Lung, |
colorectal, |pancreas
innate |vs |adaptive |immunity |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Innate |immunity |is |the |nonspecific |
defense |mechanisms |that |come |into |play |immediately |or |within |hours |of |an |antigen's |
appearance |in |the |body. |Examples |include |skin, |chemicals |in |blood, |mucous |membranes, |
immune |system |cells |that |attack |foreign |cells |in |the |body.
Adaptive |immunity |is |when |your |body |fights |something |that |it |has |seen |before. |The |immune |
system |is |able |to |distinguish |self |from |nonself. |The |immune |system |detects |antigens |on |
molecules. |B-cells: |make |antibodies |that |target |specific |pathogens. |T-cells: |kill |pathogens |and |
attack |infected |cells
Antibody/antigen |reactions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antigens |are |substances |that |can |provoke
|an |immune |response. |They |are |proteins |located |on |the |surface |of |the |cell |and |they |have |
distinctive |surface |features |resulting |in |specific |responses.
