UTA PATHO ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔cervical cancer - ✔✔- highest prevalence is in dev countries
- risk fctrs: early age of onset of sex, mult partners, high risk type HPV, smoking, oral
contraceptive use & immunodef
- caused by HPV
- cm are typically absent but may include post coital vaginal bl, malodorous discharge,
abnrom vaginal bl
✔✔endometrial cancer - ✔✔- cancer of endometrial lining of uterus & is most common
gynecologic malignancy
- rsik fctrs: obesity, ear menarche, fam hx of endometrial ca, personal hx of breast or
ovarian ca, age > 40, tamoxifen use, failure to ovulate
- caused by prolonged estrogen exposure in absence of progresterone & its ability to
counter balance effects of estogen
- 75% are adenocarcinoma
- CM: postmenopausal bl, pain, wt loss
- commonly mets to lung
✔✔ovarian cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic condition of ovaries
- causes most cancer deaths r/t femal reproductive system
- risk fctrs: family hx of ovarian, breast, colon, or uterine cancer, a personal hx of breast
ca, postmenopausal, infertility, ea menarche, late menopause, genetic predisposition,
endometriosis, use of fertility drugs
- genetic fctrs include mutation in BRCA1 & BRCA2 suppressor genes & Turners
syndrome
- no good screening tests & early symptoms are often vague & nonsp
- ea symptoms include: loss of appetite, abd distention, ea satiety, pelvic pain
- ca spreads intra abdominally over peritoneum causing such symptoms as pain,
ascites, dyspepsia, vomiting, alt in bowel movements
- by the time someone is dx it is usu adv & txment is diff
✔✔breast cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic condition of breasts
- mainly seen in women but can be seen in men too
- highest rate of "all ca" morbidity in women
- risk fctrs: family hx, ea menarche, late menopause, oral contraceptive use, post
menopausal estrogen use, nulliparity, obesity, hx of atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical
lobular hyperplasia, presence of BRCA 1 & 2 mutations, smoking, high breast density, &
radiation to chest/breast during childhood
- most common site is upper outer quad of breast
- most are adenocarcinoma
- CM: painless lump, nipple retraction, dimpling of breast tis, swollen axillay lymph
nodes, nipple eczema, nipple discharge in non lactating women
✔✔testicular cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic cond of testicle
, - high cure rate
- occurs in men 15-35
- tumors are common on right side
- risk fctrs: family hx, HIV infection,Klinefelter syndrome, undescended testicle
- CM: painless mass, testicular heaviness, dull ache in lower abd, gynecomastia
- commonly mets to brain & lung
- lymphoma presents as a testicular mass in men over 50
✔✔benign prostatic hyperplasia - ✔✔- nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland
- as gland enters it will compress urethra where it passes thru prostate causing an outlet
obs
- hyperplasia begins at age 40-45
- by age 60- 50% have it
- by age 70- 90% have it
-CM: urgency, delay in starting urine flo, decreasedin flo, urine retention, enlarged
prostate w/ rectal exam
✔✔prostate cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic cond of prostate gland
- risk fctrs: age over 50, african american males, vasectomy, family hx, diet high in
saturated fats, smoking, obesity, ingestion of proinflammatory oils
- tumors are commonly adeno & occur in periphery of gland
- links to BRCA 1& 2
- CM: not present until ds is adv, slow urinary stream, incomplete emptying of bladder,
nocturia, dysuria, erectile diff, increased alk phos, low back pain, rectal obs, diff
defecating, & pelvic pain
- mets to vertebrae & pelvic bones
✔✔Osteoporosis - ✔✔- A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
- low bone mineral denstiy, impaired structural integrity, decreased bone strength
- primary is idiopathic
- secondary is caused by another cond such as hormone imbalance, DM,
hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, heparin, corticosteriods, phenytoin, barbiturate,
lithium, tobacco, ethanol, HIV, rheumatoid ds, CKD, liver ds, malabsorption syndromes
- bone mass classifications:
= norm bone >833
= osteopenia 648-833
= osteoporosis < 648
- prgresses slowly
- old bone being broken down faster than it can be replaced so bone become porous &
thin
- bone may progress to a pt where skeleton can no longer support itself
- more common in women over 50
- hip fx may be life threatening
- vertebral fx are common
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔cervical cancer - ✔✔- highest prevalence is in dev countries
- risk fctrs: early age of onset of sex, mult partners, high risk type HPV, smoking, oral
contraceptive use & immunodef
- caused by HPV
- cm are typically absent but may include post coital vaginal bl, malodorous discharge,
abnrom vaginal bl
✔✔endometrial cancer - ✔✔- cancer of endometrial lining of uterus & is most common
gynecologic malignancy
- rsik fctrs: obesity, ear menarche, fam hx of endometrial ca, personal hx of breast or
ovarian ca, age > 40, tamoxifen use, failure to ovulate
- caused by prolonged estrogen exposure in absence of progresterone & its ability to
counter balance effects of estogen
- 75% are adenocarcinoma
- CM: postmenopausal bl, pain, wt loss
- commonly mets to lung
✔✔ovarian cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic condition of ovaries
- causes most cancer deaths r/t femal reproductive system
- risk fctrs: family hx of ovarian, breast, colon, or uterine cancer, a personal hx of breast
ca, postmenopausal, infertility, ea menarche, late menopause, genetic predisposition,
endometriosis, use of fertility drugs
- genetic fctrs include mutation in BRCA1 & BRCA2 suppressor genes & Turners
syndrome
- no good screening tests & early symptoms are often vague & nonsp
- ea symptoms include: loss of appetite, abd distention, ea satiety, pelvic pain
- ca spreads intra abdominally over peritoneum causing such symptoms as pain,
ascites, dyspepsia, vomiting, alt in bowel movements
- by the time someone is dx it is usu adv & txment is diff
✔✔breast cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic condition of breasts
- mainly seen in women but can be seen in men too
- highest rate of "all ca" morbidity in women
- risk fctrs: family hx, ea menarche, late menopause, oral contraceptive use, post
menopausal estrogen use, nulliparity, obesity, hx of atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical
lobular hyperplasia, presence of BRCA 1 & 2 mutations, smoking, high breast density, &
radiation to chest/breast during childhood
- most common site is upper outer quad of breast
- most are adenocarcinoma
- CM: painless lump, nipple retraction, dimpling of breast tis, swollen axillay lymph
nodes, nipple eczema, nipple discharge in non lactating women
✔✔testicular cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic cond of testicle
, - high cure rate
- occurs in men 15-35
- tumors are common on right side
- risk fctrs: family hx, HIV infection,Klinefelter syndrome, undescended testicle
- CM: painless mass, testicular heaviness, dull ache in lower abd, gynecomastia
- commonly mets to brain & lung
- lymphoma presents as a testicular mass in men over 50
✔✔benign prostatic hyperplasia - ✔✔- nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland
- as gland enters it will compress urethra where it passes thru prostate causing an outlet
obs
- hyperplasia begins at age 40-45
- by age 60- 50% have it
- by age 70- 90% have it
-CM: urgency, delay in starting urine flo, decreasedin flo, urine retention, enlarged
prostate w/ rectal exam
✔✔prostate cancer - ✔✔- neoplastic cond of prostate gland
- risk fctrs: age over 50, african american males, vasectomy, family hx, diet high in
saturated fats, smoking, obesity, ingestion of proinflammatory oils
- tumors are commonly adeno & occur in periphery of gland
- links to BRCA 1& 2
- CM: not present until ds is adv, slow urinary stream, incomplete emptying of bladder,
nocturia, dysuria, erectile diff, increased alk phos, low back pain, rectal obs, diff
defecating, & pelvic pain
- mets to vertebrae & pelvic bones
✔✔Osteoporosis - ✔✔- A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break
easily.
- low bone mineral denstiy, impaired structural integrity, decreased bone strength
- primary is idiopathic
- secondary is caused by another cond such as hormone imbalance, DM,
hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, heparin, corticosteriods, phenytoin, barbiturate,
lithium, tobacco, ethanol, HIV, rheumatoid ds, CKD, liver ds, malabsorption syndromes
- bone mass classifications:
= norm bone >833
= osteopenia 648-833
= osteoporosis < 648
- prgresses slowly
- old bone being broken down faster than it can be replaced so bone become porous &
thin
- bone may progress to a pt where skeleton can no longer support itself
- more common in women over 50
- hip fx may be life threatening
- vertebral fx are common
