UTA PATHO ACTUAL 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Senescence - ✔✔Complete and permanent cessation of cellular proliferation. Cells
accumulate over time and cause organ dysfunction. Cause a loss of tissue repair
abilities and produces inflammatory molecules. Helpful for wound healing and
embryogenesis
✔✔Extracellular changes with aging - ✔✔Finding of collagen, increased free radical
damage, structural changes of the fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones and joints and the
development of arteriosclerosis. Affected by decreased synthesis and increase
degration of collagen. Result in dehydration and wrinkling of the skin
✔✔Body changes with aging - ✔✔Thymus atrophy losses of ova and women,
decreased spermatogenesis and men, decrease responses to hormones from the
breast tissue and injure metria. Gastric emptying decreases. Muscle atrophy result from
aging. Height decreases neck thighand arm circumference decreases weight gain
occurs for men and for women.
✔✔Ketogenesis - ✔✔Formation of Keytone bodies and occurs mostly in the
mitochondria of the hepatic sites. occurs as a result of the unavailability of glucose.
Deficient amounts of glucose may occur from the depletion of carbohydrate stores or
may occur because the cell is not able to use glucose.
✔✔Action potential - ✔✔Process by which excitable cells transmit information to one
another. Typically occurs in nerve cells and all types of muscle cells. Alteration in this
may result from neurologic disease, muscle disease or electrolyte in balance is.
✔✔Cell membrane - ✔✔Responsible for providing structure and protection of the cell,
regulating cellular activity by receiving cellular signals, transport into and out of the cell,
and cell to cell interaction. Composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids.
Highly permeable to lipid soluble substances such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, fatty
acid's in steroid hormones. Not permeable to water soluble substances such as ions,
glucose, and amino acid's
✔✔Na/K ATPase - ✔✔Main protein which is responsible for maintaining the correct
balance of extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium. highly involved in action
potential. Essential to maintaining the ionic balance because the cell membrane is more
permeable to potassium can diffuse easily from the intracellular space to the
extracellular space.
✔✔Resting membrane potential - ✔✔Charge between ICF and the ECF. -72 -85 mV
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔Movement of intracellular charge towards zero
,✔✔Threshold potential - ✔✔Intracellular space musty polarize by at least 15 to 20 mV.
Intracellular charge has to reach and -55 to -65 mV.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔Responsible for repairing cell membrane by folding in on
themselves and forming a sealed compartment
✔✔Repolarization - ✔✔Once the intracellular charge reaches zero, negative polarity of
the inside of the cell goes back to baseline -70 to -85 mV
✔✔Re-factory period - ✔✔Period of time during which the cell resist stimulation and it
cannot depolarize. Absolute occurs when the membrane will not respond to any
stimulus no matter how strong. Relative occurs when the membrane is repolarizing and
will only respond to a very strong stimulus
✔✔hyper polarized - ✔✔Cells resting membrane potential is greater than -85 mV. Less
excitable because there's greater distance between the resting membrane potential and
the threshold potential
✔✔Hypo polarized - ✔✔Cells resting membrane potential is closer to zero cell is more
excitable because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential
there is less distance between them
✔✔Hypo kalemia - ✔✔Extracellular potassium is depleted, intracellular potassium
diffuses out of the cell easily. Causes the cell to be hyperpolarized. Greater stimulus is
needed to depolarize Cristal and therefore conduct impulses. Causes decrease in
neuromuscular excitability and leads to a weakness, smooth muscle atony, Paresthesia
and cardiac dysrhythmias
✔✔Hyper kalemia - ✔✔ECS potassium increases without any change in the ICF
potassium levels, resting membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive. Cell is
said to be hypo polarized. Cell is more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and
more quickly because the resting membrane potential is closer to Threshold potential.
As potassium rises resting membrane potential will continue to become more positive
and will eventually become equal to threshold potential as this happens EKG will show
widening QRS complex. If resting membrane potential equals threshold potential an
action potential will not be generated and cardiac standstill will occur
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Decreases cell permeability to sodium. Causes the threshold
potential to become more positive and is further away from the membrane potential.
Takes more of a stimulus to initiate an action potential. Cells are less excitable and do
not initiate action potential. Leads to weakness, hypo reflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, I shorten QT segment and depressed why didn't T waves
on EKG.
, ✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Increase in cell permeability to sodium that's causing a
progressive depolarization. Essentially threshold potential becomes more negative and
it's closer to the resting membrane potential. Cells are more likely and more frequently
to initiate an action potential. Cells are more excitable. Causes tetany hyperreflexia,
circumoral parathesis, seizures and dysrhythmias
✔✔Cancer - ✔✔Abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other
tissues
✔✔benign tumor - ✔✔Considered not cancerous. Do not spread locally or to distant
sites. Well encapsulated. Slow growing. Named after the tissue of origin with the suffix
OMA. Do not invade tissues. they become large and compressed normal tissue and
inhibit blood
✔✔Malignant tumors - ✔✔Rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. Do not look like the
tissue of origin, have a rapid cell growth, can metastasize to local tissues or distant
sites. Able to metastasize because they are not encapsulated. Pleomorphic therefore
variable shapes and sizes. Named after the cell of origin but in addition to that 0MA they
have the root word carcino or Sarco
✔✔Carcinoma in situ - ✔✔Very early and pre-invasive carcinoma of the granular or
squamous epithelial tissue. Has not broken through the membrane basement.
✔✔Oncogenes - ✔✔Provide a cancer cell with the ability to secrete growth factors
which simulate own growth.
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔Known as anti-oncogenes. Two in each cell
responsible for controlling cellular proliferation
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔Protective in caps on each chromosome are maintained by the
enzyme telomerase. Signal to cell to stop dividing. When they become small or unstable
to cell dies. Cancer cells reach a certain age and activate telomerase to re-store and
maintains the cancer cells telomeres that's allowing unregulated cellular division
✔✔Primary lung - ✔✔Brain and many other organs
✔✔Primary colorectal - ✔✔Liver and lungs
✔✔Primary testicular - ✔✔Lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary Prostate - ✔✔Bone especially the lumbar vertebrae, liver
✔✔Primary breast - ✔✔Bones, lungs, liver, brain
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Senescence - ✔✔Complete and permanent cessation of cellular proliferation. Cells
accumulate over time and cause organ dysfunction. Cause a loss of tissue repair
abilities and produces inflammatory molecules. Helpful for wound healing and
embryogenesis
✔✔Extracellular changes with aging - ✔✔Finding of collagen, increased free radical
damage, structural changes of the fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones and joints and the
development of arteriosclerosis. Affected by decreased synthesis and increase
degration of collagen. Result in dehydration and wrinkling of the skin
✔✔Body changes with aging - ✔✔Thymus atrophy losses of ova and women,
decreased spermatogenesis and men, decrease responses to hormones from the
breast tissue and injure metria. Gastric emptying decreases. Muscle atrophy result from
aging. Height decreases neck thighand arm circumference decreases weight gain
occurs for men and for women.
✔✔Ketogenesis - ✔✔Formation of Keytone bodies and occurs mostly in the
mitochondria of the hepatic sites. occurs as a result of the unavailability of glucose.
Deficient amounts of glucose may occur from the depletion of carbohydrate stores or
may occur because the cell is not able to use glucose.
✔✔Action potential - ✔✔Process by which excitable cells transmit information to one
another. Typically occurs in nerve cells and all types of muscle cells. Alteration in this
may result from neurologic disease, muscle disease or electrolyte in balance is.
✔✔Cell membrane - ✔✔Responsible for providing structure and protection of the cell,
regulating cellular activity by receiving cellular signals, transport into and out of the cell,
and cell to cell interaction. Composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids.
Highly permeable to lipid soluble substances such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, fatty
acid's in steroid hormones. Not permeable to water soluble substances such as ions,
glucose, and amino acid's
✔✔Na/K ATPase - ✔✔Main protein which is responsible for maintaining the correct
balance of extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium. highly involved in action
potential. Essential to maintaining the ionic balance because the cell membrane is more
permeable to potassium can diffuse easily from the intracellular space to the
extracellular space.
✔✔Resting membrane potential - ✔✔Charge between ICF and the ECF. -72 -85 mV
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔Movement of intracellular charge towards zero
,✔✔Threshold potential - ✔✔Intracellular space musty polarize by at least 15 to 20 mV.
Intracellular charge has to reach and -55 to -65 mV.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔Responsible for repairing cell membrane by folding in on
themselves and forming a sealed compartment
✔✔Repolarization - ✔✔Once the intracellular charge reaches zero, negative polarity of
the inside of the cell goes back to baseline -70 to -85 mV
✔✔Re-factory period - ✔✔Period of time during which the cell resist stimulation and it
cannot depolarize. Absolute occurs when the membrane will not respond to any
stimulus no matter how strong. Relative occurs when the membrane is repolarizing and
will only respond to a very strong stimulus
✔✔hyper polarized - ✔✔Cells resting membrane potential is greater than -85 mV. Less
excitable because there's greater distance between the resting membrane potential and
the threshold potential
✔✔Hypo polarized - ✔✔Cells resting membrane potential is closer to zero cell is more
excitable because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential
there is less distance between them
✔✔Hypo kalemia - ✔✔Extracellular potassium is depleted, intracellular potassium
diffuses out of the cell easily. Causes the cell to be hyperpolarized. Greater stimulus is
needed to depolarize Cristal and therefore conduct impulses. Causes decrease in
neuromuscular excitability and leads to a weakness, smooth muscle atony, Paresthesia
and cardiac dysrhythmias
✔✔Hyper kalemia - ✔✔ECS potassium increases without any change in the ICF
potassium levels, resting membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive. Cell is
said to be hypo polarized. Cell is more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and
more quickly because the resting membrane potential is closer to Threshold potential.
As potassium rises resting membrane potential will continue to become more positive
and will eventually become equal to threshold potential as this happens EKG will show
widening QRS complex. If resting membrane potential equals threshold potential an
action potential will not be generated and cardiac standstill will occur
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Decreases cell permeability to sodium. Causes the threshold
potential to become more positive and is further away from the membrane potential.
Takes more of a stimulus to initiate an action potential. Cells are less excitable and do
not initiate action potential. Leads to weakness, hypo reflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, I shorten QT segment and depressed why didn't T waves
on EKG.
, ✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Increase in cell permeability to sodium that's causing a
progressive depolarization. Essentially threshold potential becomes more negative and
it's closer to the resting membrane potential. Cells are more likely and more frequently
to initiate an action potential. Cells are more excitable. Causes tetany hyperreflexia,
circumoral parathesis, seizures and dysrhythmias
✔✔Cancer - ✔✔Abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other
tissues
✔✔benign tumor - ✔✔Considered not cancerous. Do not spread locally or to distant
sites. Well encapsulated. Slow growing. Named after the tissue of origin with the suffix
OMA. Do not invade tissues. they become large and compressed normal tissue and
inhibit blood
✔✔Malignant tumors - ✔✔Rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. Do not look like the
tissue of origin, have a rapid cell growth, can metastasize to local tissues or distant
sites. Able to metastasize because they are not encapsulated. Pleomorphic therefore
variable shapes and sizes. Named after the cell of origin but in addition to that 0MA they
have the root word carcino or Sarco
✔✔Carcinoma in situ - ✔✔Very early and pre-invasive carcinoma of the granular or
squamous epithelial tissue. Has not broken through the membrane basement.
✔✔Oncogenes - ✔✔Provide a cancer cell with the ability to secrete growth factors
which simulate own growth.
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔Known as anti-oncogenes. Two in each cell
responsible for controlling cellular proliferation
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔Protective in caps on each chromosome are maintained by the
enzyme telomerase. Signal to cell to stop dividing. When they become small or unstable
to cell dies. Cancer cells reach a certain age and activate telomerase to re-store and
maintains the cancer cells telomeres that's allowing unregulated cellular division
✔✔Primary lung - ✔✔Brain and many other organs
✔✔Primary colorectal - ✔✔Liver and lungs
✔✔Primary testicular - ✔✔Lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary Prostate - ✔✔Bone especially the lumbar vertebrae, liver
✔✔Primary breast - ✔✔Bones, lungs, liver, brain
