RES 240 EXAM 2 2026 PREMIUM REVIEW
QUESTIONS CORRECT RESPONSES
◉ Challenge of Cognitive psychology. Answer: The mind is
unobservable. You cannot observe a mind. You can observe the
stimulus and the products. "The mind is like a black box"
◉ What cognitive psychologists can observe:. Answer: Products,
output of the mind: behavior, physiology.
◉ Three precursors to cognitive psychology. Answer:
Introspectionism (Structuralism), Behaviorism, Functionalism
◉ Introspectionism (Structuralism). Answer: Means to look inward.
To understand the mind, look inside and see the contents of the
mind. What are the structures inside the mind that we can observe
by looking inward and thinking about we experience.
◉ Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: German who originated the school of
psychology of Introspectionism (Structuralism)
◉ Edward Tichener. Answer: (1896) Student of Wilhelm Wundt.
(Introspectionist) cataloged 42,415 sensations.
,◉ Key problem with Introspectionism. Answer: It isn't really like
empirical science like modern science. Difficult to verify objectively.
Introspection by definition deal with private events.. You observe the
end product and NOT the process itself. Hard to come up with a good
detailed understanding of what's going on in the mind.
◉ Functionalism. Answer: A reaction to structuralism
(introspectionism) Result of people being dissatisfied with
structuralism. Natural evolution.. Arguing for scientific study of
mind using biology and physiology. Mind is evolved. Theres a reason
why the mind does its things. What is the purpose of the mind. How
are we using it? What can it accomplish.
◉ William James. Answer: (1842-1910). Leader of functionalism
movement. First person to distinguish between STM and LTM.
◉ John Dewey. Answer: Leader of Pragmatist school. Subset of
Fundamentalism.
◉ Pragmatism. Answer: Put knowledge to use. Applied psychology.
EDUCATION. Developing a practical use in the methods and ways of
thinking of functionalist psychology. attribute of accepting the facts
of life and favoring practicality and literal truth
,◉ Progressive Education. Answer: Ideas and practices with the
objective to make school teachings more effective for a democratic
society.
◉ Behaviorism. Answer: Science of understanding behavior. Forget
mind, mental processes. Trying to understand behavior. An approach
to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.
Dominant school of thought for the 20th century. Emphasis on what
can be directly observed. Thirsty = "water deprived" operationally.
◉ Ivan Pavlov. Answer: Behaviorist. Discovered classical
conditioning.
◉ John Watson. Answer: Pioneer of developing behaviorism.
Systematic way of approaching psychology through behaviorist
perspective. Behavior is all you need. You can understand between
stimuli and responses (even complicated behaviors). Thinking is
subvocal speech. founder of infomercials.
◉ B.F. Skinner. Answer: Behaviorist. Took form of focusing on
different kind of conditioning. OPERANT CONDITIONING. Language
is developed through operant conditioning. EVERYTHING IS
LEARNED. Everything can be predicted. If you know what kind of
behaviors you want to have, you can create your society by operant
conditioning. (radical behaviorism). TRULY DENIED EXISTENCE OF
MIND. All stimuli and responses.
, ◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: conditioning in which an operant
response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting
reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant
response.
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: conditioning that pairs a neutral
stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex
◉ Problem with behaviorism. Answer: Behaviorist perspective can't
account for the Limiting 1) Science limited to observable things is a
bad idea. Whos's ever seen an electron? 2) creativity and diversity of
human behaviors. can't account for someone creating something
totally new. Ex. Language: Children learning the rules of language.
Can take nonsense words and put an s for plural. The child has a rule
(mental state) that links s's to words. Children make grammatical
mistakes. There's no way the child was rewarded with that. if a child
learning language can only produce utterances they have heard
before, we have no explanation for why a child producing the plural
version of a nonexistent word (like 'wug') will create the plural the
same way they would with an existent word (so they would produce
'wugs' and not 'snaf'). On the other hand, if you believe that there is
an underlying set of mental states / operations that creates plurals
from singulars, you can explain why the child will produce
'wugs'.Why do children make grammatical mistakes? They've never
been reinforced to say it.
QUESTIONS CORRECT RESPONSES
◉ Challenge of Cognitive psychology. Answer: The mind is
unobservable. You cannot observe a mind. You can observe the
stimulus and the products. "The mind is like a black box"
◉ What cognitive psychologists can observe:. Answer: Products,
output of the mind: behavior, physiology.
◉ Three precursors to cognitive psychology. Answer:
Introspectionism (Structuralism), Behaviorism, Functionalism
◉ Introspectionism (Structuralism). Answer: Means to look inward.
To understand the mind, look inside and see the contents of the
mind. What are the structures inside the mind that we can observe
by looking inward and thinking about we experience.
◉ Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: German who originated the school of
psychology of Introspectionism (Structuralism)
◉ Edward Tichener. Answer: (1896) Student of Wilhelm Wundt.
(Introspectionist) cataloged 42,415 sensations.
,◉ Key problem with Introspectionism. Answer: It isn't really like
empirical science like modern science. Difficult to verify objectively.
Introspection by definition deal with private events.. You observe the
end product and NOT the process itself. Hard to come up with a good
detailed understanding of what's going on in the mind.
◉ Functionalism. Answer: A reaction to structuralism
(introspectionism) Result of people being dissatisfied with
structuralism. Natural evolution.. Arguing for scientific study of
mind using biology and physiology. Mind is evolved. Theres a reason
why the mind does its things. What is the purpose of the mind. How
are we using it? What can it accomplish.
◉ William James. Answer: (1842-1910). Leader of functionalism
movement. First person to distinguish between STM and LTM.
◉ John Dewey. Answer: Leader of Pragmatist school. Subset of
Fundamentalism.
◉ Pragmatism. Answer: Put knowledge to use. Applied psychology.
EDUCATION. Developing a practical use in the methods and ways of
thinking of functionalist psychology. attribute of accepting the facts
of life and favoring practicality and literal truth
,◉ Progressive Education. Answer: Ideas and practices with the
objective to make school teachings more effective for a democratic
society.
◉ Behaviorism. Answer: Science of understanding behavior. Forget
mind, mental processes. Trying to understand behavior. An approach
to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.
Dominant school of thought for the 20th century. Emphasis on what
can be directly observed. Thirsty = "water deprived" operationally.
◉ Ivan Pavlov. Answer: Behaviorist. Discovered classical
conditioning.
◉ John Watson. Answer: Pioneer of developing behaviorism.
Systematic way of approaching psychology through behaviorist
perspective. Behavior is all you need. You can understand between
stimuli and responses (even complicated behaviors). Thinking is
subvocal speech. founder of infomercials.
◉ B.F. Skinner. Answer: Behaviorist. Took form of focusing on
different kind of conditioning. OPERANT CONDITIONING. Language
is developed through operant conditioning. EVERYTHING IS
LEARNED. Everything can be predicted. If you know what kind of
behaviors you want to have, you can create your society by operant
conditioning. (radical behaviorism). TRULY DENIED EXISTENCE OF
MIND. All stimuli and responses.
, ◉ Operant conditioning. Answer: conditioning in which an operant
response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting
reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant
response.
◉ Classical conditioning. Answer: conditioning that pairs a neutral
stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex
◉ Problem with behaviorism. Answer: Behaviorist perspective can't
account for the Limiting 1) Science limited to observable things is a
bad idea. Whos's ever seen an electron? 2) creativity and diversity of
human behaviors. can't account for someone creating something
totally new. Ex. Language: Children learning the rules of language.
Can take nonsense words and put an s for plural. The child has a rule
(mental state) that links s's to words. Children make grammatical
mistakes. There's no way the child was rewarded with that. if a child
learning language can only produce utterances they have heard
before, we have no explanation for why a child producing the plural
version of a nonexistent word (like 'wug') will create the plural the
same way they would with an existent word (so they would produce
'wugs' and not 'snaf'). On the other hand, if you believe that there is
an underlying set of mental states / operations that creates plurals
from singulars, you can explain why the child will produce
'wugs'.Why do children make grammatical mistakes? They've never
been reinforced to say it.
