Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What is a glycan?
Answer: A polymer of any sugar. A glucan is a polymer of glucose units.
2.
What is the difference between a 1-3 and 1-4 linkage?
Answer: 1-4 linkage gives a stiff, inflexible molecule which can easily interact with other molecules. 1-3 linkage gives more flexible, extended structure which is better soluble
3.
What is the difference between a molecule with more or less OH groups?
Answer: More OH groups = more branches so less interaction itselve and other molecules = better solubility
4.
What is a O-CH3 group?
Answer: A methyl ether
5.
What is a C-CH3-O group?
Answer: An acetyl group
6.
What is the effect of methyl ethers or acetyl groups on your molecule?
Answer: It adds hydrophobic sites
7.
What is the effect of adding sulphate, phosphate and pyrophate?
Answer: They all add charge which increases the hydrodynamic volume and thus viscosity
8.
What is the effect of substituents on enzyme activity?
Answer: The enzymes can be less active
9.
What are the 4 main steps in carbohydrate research?
Answer: 1. Sample preparation 2. Extraction 3. Fractionation of extracted polysaccharides 4. Analysis of the polysaccharides
10.
What are the steps in sample preparation?
Answer: 1. Drying and grinding --> homogeneous sample 2. Heat to inactivate carbohydrate modifying enzymes 3. Defat the sample using hexane or chloroform 4. Optional: remove starch by gelatinzation alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase 5. Remove proteins by protease 6. Remove glucose, small oligosaccharides, amino acids and peptides from interesting polysaccharides by dissolving in 80% ethanol 7. Remove fibres by centrifugation
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