PSY 120 UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Carl Rogers - ✔✔emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard and
congruence between real self and ideal self
✔✔Paul Balte's Framework - ✔✔development is lifelong
development depends on history and context
development is multidirectional and multidimensional
development is plastic
✔✔Pre-natal development - ✔✔Only about 10-20% if fertilized eggs make it to
implantation
Single cell zygote develops into an embryo and then a fetus
Embryos are vulnerable and chromosomal disorders can cause spontaneous abortions
(miscarriage)
✔✔Pre-natal dangers - ✔✔Proper nutrition is vital, malnutrition can lead to brith defects,
low birth weight, and stillbirth
Maternal age outside of optimal range can pose difficulties, both for teens and those
over 35
✔✔Teratogens - ✔✔external/environmental contaminants that can penetrate the
maternal protections of pregnancy and can cause harm to the fetus
✔✔Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - ✔✔physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
✔✔Capacities at birth - ✔✔senses develop according to stimulation
sight - stimulation builds quickly, 20/20 by 6 months
reflexes - innate, unlearned, adaptive behaviors, includes grasping, stepping, and a
basic swim reflex
✔✔Cognitive Development - ✔✔Main model is Piaget's, driven by improving motor skills
to organize information
✔✔Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔first stage, learning is thought to be centered on the
senses and the motor skills
no sense of object permanence
, developing more complex structures to understand our world
✔✔preoperational stage (2-6 yrs) - ✔✔second stage, follows the onset of mental
representation
can now manipulate information in the mind, but with limitations
✔✔Centration - ✔✔The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting
other important aspects
✔✔Egocentrism - ✔✔a tendency to only be able to reason about a problem from one's
own viewpoint
✔✔Concrete Operations - ✔✔Piaget's third stage, onset of logical, but not abstract
thought, greater aptitude in using mental representations
✔✔Synaptic Pruning - ✔✔a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that
are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost
✔✔Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔The evolution of the "what if" ability for
abstractions
✔✔Criticisms for Piaget's Model - ✔✔The model essentially stops at adolescence
There is much more development that needs to take place
Piaget tended to underestimate the capabilities of young children
✔✔Imaginary Audience - ✔✔You're constantly looking around to other people and over
assuming the extent at which other people are looking at you
✔✔Behaviorism Gender Identity - ✔✔gender identity is based on reinforcement and
punishment, adults treat boys and girls differently, other kids will punish atypical
behavior
✔✔Cognitive Gender Identity - ✔✔children categorize or develop gender schemata
using propositions and prototypes, built on input from all aspects of the local
environment and define sexes and expectations
✔✔Parenting Styles - ✔✔the style of parenting is a product of many things
upbringing - if we like things our parents did, we will do them ourselves, if we didn't like
things our parents did, we will avoid them
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Carl Rogers - ✔✔emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard and
congruence between real self and ideal self
✔✔Paul Balte's Framework - ✔✔development is lifelong
development depends on history and context
development is multidirectional and multidimensional
development is plastic
✔✔Pre-natal development - ✔✔Only about 10-20% if fertilized eggs make it to
implantation
Single cell zygote develops into an embryo and then a fetus
Embryos are vulnerable and chromosomal disorders can cause spontaneous abortions
(miscarriage)
✔✔Pre-natal dangers - ✔✔Proper nutrition is vital, malnutrition can lead to brith defects,
low birth weight, and stillbirth
Maternal age outside of optimal range can pose difficulties, both for teens and those
over 35
✔✔Teratogens - ✔✔external/environmental contaminants that can penetrate the
maternal protections of pregnancy and can cause harm to the fetus
✔✔Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - ✔✔physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
✔✔Capacities at birth - ✔✔senses develop according to stimulation
sight - stimulation builds quickly, 20/20 by 6 months
reflexes - innate, unlearned, adaptive behaviors, includes grasping, stepping, and a
basic swim reflex
✔✔Cognitive Development - ✔✔Main model is Piaget's, driven by improving motor skills
to organize information
✔✔Sensorimotor Stage - ✔✔first stage, learning is thought to be centered on the
senses and the motor skills
no sense of object permanence
, developing more complex structures to understand our world
✔✔preoperational stage (2-6 yrs) - ✔✔second stage, follows the onset of mental
representation
can now manipulate information in the mind, but with limitations
✔✔Centration - ✔✔The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting
other important aspects
✔✔Egocentrism - ✔✔a tendency to only be able to reason about a problem from one's
own viewpoint
✔✔Concrete Operations - ✔✔Piaget's third stage, onset of logical, but not abstract
thought, greater aptitude in using mental representations
✔✔Synaptic Pruning - ✔✔a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that
are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost
✔✔Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning - ✔✔The evolution of the "what if" ability for
abstractions
✔✔Criticisms for Piaget's Model - ✔✔The model essentially stops at adolescence
There is much more development that needs to take place
Piaget tended to underestimate the capabilities of young children
✔✔Imaginary Audience - ✔✔You're constantly looking around to other people and over
assuming the extent at which other people are looking at you
✔✔Behaviorism Gender Identity - ✔✔gender identity is based on reinforcement and
punishment, adults treat boys and girls differently, other kids will punish atypical
behavior
✔✔Cognitive Gender Identity - ✔✔children categorize or develop gender schemata
using propositions and prototypes, built on input from all aspects of the local
environment and define sexes and expectations
✔✔Parenting Styles - ✔✔the style of parenting is a product of many things
upbringing - if we like things our parents did, we will do them ourselves, if we didn't like
things our parents did, we will avoid them
