NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology: Week 6
Midterm actual Exam Questionsand Answers | pdf
Fomart Level: Graduate (APRN/NP)
Overview:
This midterm exam is designed for graduate-level nursing students enrolled in NURS 6501 –
Advanced Pathophysiology. The exam covers high-yield concepts from Week 6, including:
Cellular injury and adaptation (apoptosis, necrosis, hypoxia, oxidative stress)
Inflammation and immune response (acute vs chronic, cytokines, leukocyte function)
Hypersensitivity reactions (Types I–IV, autoimmunity)
Infection and sepsis (bacterial, viral, opportunistic infections)
Neoplasia and cancer biology (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, metastasis,
angiogenesis)
Stress physiology and hormonal responses (cortisol, catecholamines, chronic stress
effects)
Each question includes bolded correct answers and rationales to facilitate comprehension and
exam preparation. This exam is intended for self-assessment, review, and reinforcement of key
pathophysiology concepts.
1. Which mechanism is responsible for cellular swelling during early
hypoxic injury?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Sodium-potassium pump failure
C. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis
D. Lysosomal membrane stabilization
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP, impairing the Na⁺/K⁺ pump, leading to
sodium and water influx causing cellular swelling.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with myocardial
infarction?
A. Caseous
B. Liquefactive
C. Fat
D. Coagulative
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain) results in coagulative
necrosis.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from trauma
C. Is energy dependent
D. Causes cell membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, ATP-dependent process without
inflammation.
4. Which cytokine is the primary mediator of acute inflammation?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
,C. IL-4
D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TNF-α promotes endothelial activation, fever, and acute
inflammatory response.
5. The cardinal signs of inflammation occur due to:
A. Cell apoptosis
B. Increased blood viscosity
C. Vascular permeability and vasodilation
D. Platelet aggregation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vasodilation causes redness/heat, permeability causes swelling and
pain.
6. Which immunoglobulin is the first produced during an initial immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgM is the earliest antibody synthesized in primary immune
responses.
7. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
, A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. T-cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic
reactions.
8. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for antigen presentation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Eosinophil
C. Dendritic cell
D. Natural killer cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dendritic cells are the most effective antigen-presenting cells.
9. Chronic inflammation differs from acute inflammation because it:
A. Lacks macrophages
B. Is self-limiting
C. Causes tissue destruction
D. Resolves quickly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to ongoing tissue injury and fibrosis.
10. Which stress hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Midterm actual Exam Questionsand Answers | pdf
Fomart Level: Graduate (APRN/NP)
Overview:
This midterm exam is designed for graduate-level nursing students enrolled in NURS 6501 –
Advanced Pathophysiology. The exam covers high-yield concepts from Week 6, including:
Cellular injury and adaptation (apoptosis, necrosis, hypoxia, oxidative stress)
Inflammation and immune response (acute vs chronic, cytokines, leukocyte function)
Hypersensitivity reactions (Types I–IV, autoimmunity)
Infection and sepsis (bacterial, viral, opportunistic infections)
Neoplasia and cancer biology (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, metastasis,
angiogenesis)
Stress physiology and hormonal responses (cortisol, catecholamines, chronic stress
effects)
Each question includes bolded correct answers and rationales to facilitate comprehension and
exam preparation. This exam is intended for self-assessment, review, and reinforcement of key
pathophysiology concepts.
1. Which mechanism is responsible for cellular swelling during early
hypoxic injury?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Sodium-potassium pump failure
C. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis
D. Lysosomal membrane stabilization
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP, impairing the Na⁺/K⁺ pump, leading to
sodium and water influx causing cellular swelling.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with myocardial
infarction?
A. Caseous
B. Liquefactive
C. Fat
D. Coagulative
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ischemic injury in solid organs (except brain) results in coagulative
necrosis.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from trauma
C. Is energy dependent
D. Causes cell membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed, ATP-dependent process without
inflammation.
4. Which cytokine is the primary mediator of acute inflammation?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
,C. IL-4
D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: TNF-α promotes endothelial activation, fever, and acute
inflammatory response.
5. The cardinal signs of inflammation occur due to:
A. Cell apoptosis
B. Increased blood viscosity
C. Vascular permeability and vasodilation
D. Platelet aggregation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vasodilation causes redness/heat, permeability causes swelling and
pain.
6. Which immunoglobulin is the first produced during an initial immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgM is the earliest antibody synthesized in primary immune
responses.
7. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
, A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. T-cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic
reactions.
8. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for antigen presentation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Eosinophil
C. Dendritic cell
D. Natural killer cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dendritic cells are the most effective antigen-presenting cells.
9. Chronic inflammation differs from acute inflammation because it:
A. Lacks macrophages
B. Is self-limiting
C. Causes tissue destruction
D. Resolves quickly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to ongoing tissue injury and fibrosis.
10. Which stress hormone increases blood glucose levels?
