PMT 108 WATER ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Water sources (4) - ✔✔Ground water
Surface water
Bottled water
Community water systems
✔✔Ground water - ✔✔1. Typically a well or a spring
2. Used for smaller water systems
✔✔Springs - ✔✔a. Formed at the intersection of an aquifer with the ground surface
b. Not always of good microbiological quality
✔✔Wells - ✔✔a. Water should be clear, cool, colorless, and uniform in character
b. Usually better microbiological quality and contains much less organic material than
spring or surface water
c. May be more highly mineralized
d. Are classified according to their construction method
✔✔Construction methods of wells - ✔✔Dug: With a shovel
Bored: Earth augurs cut with a sharp point
Driven: Pushed forward
Drilled: Holes
Jetted: Compressed air and hot gases forced through jet nozzles
✔✔Surface water - ✔✔1. Large-scale water supply systems include rivers, lakes, and
streams
2. Should be used when ground water sources are not economically justifiable or are of
inadequate quality or quantity
✔✔Bottled water - ✔✔Classified as a food product in accordance with Federal law and
DoD regulation
✔✔Title 21 CFR 129 and 165 - ✔✔Provide the FDA rules for bottle water
✔✔NAVSUPINST 4355.4/Marine Corps Order (MCO) P1011031 series,
Veterinary/Medical Food Inspection and Laboratory Services - ✔✔Sets forth the DoD
approval process for bottle water sources
✔✔U.S. Army publication, "Directory of Sanitarily Approved Food Establishments for
Armed Forces Procurement" - ✔✔Approved bottled water sources may be found in
the...
,✔✔Community water systems - ✔✔1. An existing public water system
2. Most common source used for military installations
✔✔Sources of pollution
Hydrological studies
Proposed intake location
Water uses identified for the particular water source by responsible governmental
agencies - ✔✔Water source selection factors need to be considered (but not limited to):
✔✔Qualities of an approved disinfectant - ✔✔1. Use in water before water enters the
distribution system to ensure that pathogenic microbes are destroyed
2. Residual concentrations can be maintained to guard against biological contamination
in the water distribution system
✔✔Types of Disinfectants - ✔✔1. Ozone (O3)
2. Chlorine (Cl)
- Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(C1O)2) (HTH)
- Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
- Chloramines
✔✔Ozone (O3) - ✔✔a. Powerful disinfectant
b. Leaves no residual therefore not effective in controlling biological contaminants in
distribution pipes
c. Should be followed by chlorination to provide residual
✔✔Chlorine (Cl) - ✔✔Widely used procedure for the routine disinfection of water
✔✔Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(C1O)2) (HTH) - ✔✔a. 65-70% chlorine
b. Preferred agent for use because it comes in granular form
c. Potential personnel and fire hazard due to its corrosiveness and chemically active
nature
✔✔Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) - ✔✔a. 5% or 10% chlorine (household bleach)
b. May be used in lieu of HTH
c. Takes larger quantities to achieve the same concentration of FAC of HTH
✔✔Ammonia - ✔✔Chloramines are created by the addition of ___ to water that contains
free chlorine
✔✔Secondary disinfectant - ✔✔Chloramines are successfully used throughout the
United States as a ___ ___.
✔✔Chloramines - ✔✔Reduce disinfection by-product levels; provide a lasting
disinfectant residual in the distribution system; controls coliforms in accordance with
Primary Agency and Federal regulations; reduces the chlorine taste in the water
, ✔✔Critical factors of disinfection - ✔✔1. Types and concentrations of the chlorine forms
present
2. pH of the water
3. Type and density of organisms
4. Contact time of the organisms with the chlorine
5. Temperature of the water
✔✔Parts Per Million (PPM) - ✔✔Determined by the pH and the water temperature. This
will affect disinfection.
✔✔At lower temperatures... - ✔✔The process to kill bacteria is slower and higher
residuals are needed.
✔✔Four (4) hours - ✔✔Filtering systems: The turbidity of filtered water will be monitored
at least once every ___ hours by water plant operators.
✔✔NTU - ✔✔Nephelometric turbidity unit
✔✔Turbidity - ✔✔Cloudiness of water
✔✔0.3 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Conventional and direct filtration: Samples for turbidity
must be less than ___ NTU in at least ___ percent of samples in any month.
✔✔5 NTU; 1 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Slow sand filtration or diatomaceous earth filtration:
Turbidity must at no time exceed ___ NTU; Samples for turbidity must be less than ___
NTU in at least ___ percent of samples in any month.
✔✔5 NTU; 0.5 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Alternative filtration: Turbidity must not exceed ___
NTUs. Samples for turbidity must be less than ___ NTU in at least ___ percent of
samples in any month.
✔✔0.2 ppm after 60 minutes - ✔✔Chemical disinfection: Re-chlorination should be at a
level sufficient to produce a FAC residual of ___ ppm after ___ minutes of contact time
✔✔Maximum Contaminant Levels - ✔✔MCL
✔✔Trihalomethanes (THM) - ✔✔Commonly found in chlorinated drinking water,
particularly in drinking water obtained from surface sources; formed by the reaction of
naturally occurring organic substances and chlorine during drinking water treatment and
distribution
✔✔Chlorination Methods - ✔✔Under normal conditions, most widely used
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Water sources (4) - ✔✔Ground water
Surface water
Bottled water
Community water systems
✔✔Ground water - ✔✔1. Typically a well or a spring
2. Used for smaller water systems
✔✔Springs - ✔✔a. Formed at the intersection of an aquifer with the ground surface
b. Not always of good microbiological quality
✔✔Wells - ✔✔a. Water should be clear, cool, colorless, and uniform in character
b. Usually better microbiological quality and contains much less organic material than
spring or surface water
c. May be more highly mineralized
d. Are classified according to their construction method
✔✔Construction methods of wells - ✔✔Dug: With a shovel
Bored: Earth augurs cut with a sharp point
Driven: Pushed forward
Drilled: Holes
Jetted: Compressed air and hot gases forced through jet nozzles
✔✔Surface water - ✔✔1. Large-scale water supply systems include rivers, lakes, and
streams
2. Should be used when ground water sources are not economically justifiable or are of
inadequate quality or quantity
✔✔Bottled water - ✔✔Classified as a food product in accordance with Federal law and
DoD regulation
✔✔Title 21 CFR 129 and 165 - ✔✔Provide the FDA rules for bottle water
✔✔NAVSUPINST 4355.4/Marine Corps Order (MCO) P1011031 series,
Veterinary/Medical Food Inspection and Laboratory Services - ✔✔Sets forth the DoD
approval process for bottle water sources
✔✔U.S. Army publication, "Directory of Sanitarily Approved Food Establishments for
Armed Forces Procurement" - ✔✔Approved bottled water sources may be found in
the...
,✔✔Community water systems - ✔✔1. An existing public water system
2. Most common source used for military installations
✔✔Sources of pollution
Hydrological studies
Proposed intake location
Water uses identified for the particular water source by responsible governmental
agencies - ✔✔Water source selection factors need to be considered (but not limited to):
✔✔Qualities of an approved disinfectant - ✔✔1. Use in water before water enters the
distribution system to ensure that pathogenic microbes are destroyed
2. Residual concentrations can be maintained to guard against biological contamination
in the water distribution system
✔✔Types of Disinfectants - ✔✔1. Ozone (O3)
2. Chlorine (Cl)
- Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(C1O)2) (HTH)
- Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
- Chloramines
✔✔Ozone (O3) - ✔✔a. Powerful disinfectant
b. Leaves no residual therefore not effective in controlling biological contaminants in
distribution pipes
c. Should be followed by chlorination to provide residual
✔✔Chlorine (Cl) - ✔✔Widely used procedure for the routine disinfection of water
✔✔Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(C1O)2) (HTH) - ✔✔a. 65-70% chlorine
b. Preferred agent for use because it comes in granular form
c. Potential personnel and fire hazard due to its corrosiveness and chemically active
nature
✔✔Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) - ✔✔a. 5% or 10% chlorine (household bleach)
b. May be used in lieu of HTH
c. Takes larger quantities to achieve the same concentration of FAC of HTH
✔✔Ammonia - ✔✔Chloramines are created by the addition of ___ to water that contains
free chlorine
✔✔Secondary disinfectant - ✔✔Chloramines are successfully used throughout the
United States as a ___ ___.
✔✔Chloramines - ✔✔Reduce disinfection by-product levels; provide a lasting
disinfectant residual in the distribution system; controls coliforms in accordance with
Primary Agency and Federal regulations; reduces the chlorine taste in the water
, ✔✔Critical factors of disinfection - ✔✔1. Types and concentrations of the chlorine forms
present
2. pH of the water
3. Type and density of organisms
4. Contact time of the organisms with the chlorine
5. Temperature of the water
✔✔Parts Per Million (PPM) - ✔✔Determined by the pH and the water temperature. This
will affect disinfection.
✔✔At lower temperatures... - ✔✔The process to kill bacteria is slower and higher
residuals are needed.
✔✔Four (4) hours - ✔✔Filtering systems: The turbidity of filtered water will be monitored
at least once every ___ hours by water plant operators.
✔✔NTU - ✔✔Nephelometric turbidity unit
✔✔Turbidity - ✔✔Cloudiness of water
✔✔0.3 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Conventional and direct filtration: Samples for turbidity
must be less than ___ NTU in at least ___ percent of samples in any month.
✔✔5 NTU; 1 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Slow sand filtration or diatomaceous earth filtration:
Turbidity must at no time exceed ___ NTU; Samples for turbidity must be less than ___
NTU in at least ___ percent of samples in any month.
✔✔5 NTU; 0.5 NTU; 95 percent - ✔✔Alternative filtration: Turbidity must not exceed ___
NTUs. Samples for turbidity must be less than ___ NTU in at least ___ percent of
samples in any month.
✔✔0.2 ppm after 60 minutes - ✔✔Chemical disinfection: Re-chlorination should be at a
level sufficient to produce a FAC residual of ___ ppm after ___ minutes of contact time
✔✔Maximum Contaminant Levels - ✔✔MCL
✔✔Trihalomethanes (THM) - ✔✔Commonly found in chlorinated drinking water,
particularly in drinking water obtained from surface sources; formed by the reaction of
naturally occurring organic substances and chlorine during drinking water treatment and
distribution
✔✔Chlorination Methods - ✔✔Under normal conditions, most widely used
