PMT 108 EXAMINATION 2026 SET QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Concentrated - ✔✔A great amount of solute in a small amount of solvent
✔✔Saturated - ✔✔As much solute dissolved in the solvent as possible without
precipitation
✔✔Precipitation - ✔✔Formation of a solid in a solution
✔✔Supersaturated - ✔✔More solute than solvent can normally hold (can be
accomplished by varying the temperature, agitation, and/or increasing the surface area,
such as using powder rather than chunks or blocks of chemicals)
✔✔Acid - ✔✔Any compound that has free hydrogen cations such as hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
✔✔Base - ✔✔Any compound which has free hydroxyl anions such as sodium hydroxide
(NaOH - salt)
✔✔Neutral solution - ✔✔pH of 7
✔✔Acidic solution - ✔✔pH of less than 7 (range 0-6.9)
✔✔Alkali/Basic solution - ✔✔pH of more than 7 (7.1-14)
✔✔pH meter - ✔✔Direct reading instrument, used in fixed laboratories and in field water
test kits
✔✔pH paper - ✔✔Paper which changes color when exposed to acid or base solutions
Color is determined by concentration of H+/OH- ions (Hydroxide).
✔✔Color comparator - ✔✔Used extensively for water testing, primarily in the field and
during water collection, many different types of kits fielded
✔✔Purposes of water quality analysis (3) - ✔✔1. Avoid degradation of personnel's
performance
2. Prevent damage to materials used in the transportation and storage of water
3. Obtain water suitable to sustain personnel's health
, ✔✔Color - ✔✔Dependent upon colored substances in the water, such as plant matter
derived from roots and leaves and inorganic compounds such as iron and manganese
salts
✔✔Odor and taste - ✔✔Caused by algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved
gases and industrial waste that affects the palatability of water if not removed
✔✔Turbidity - ✔✔Refers to sediment content in the water such as suspended mud,
sand, silt, clay, and other organic and inorganic matter that could increase the need for
chlorine unless removed
✔✔Temperature - ✔✔Warm water tastes flat, but cool water suppresses odors and
taste and is harder to chlorinate
✔✔Warm water - ✔✔Tastes flat
✔✔Cool water - ✔✔Suppresses odors and taste and is harder to chlorinate
✔✔pH (Acidity/Alkalinity) - ✔✔Influences the corrosiveness of the water, the amount of
disinfectant necessary for proper disinfection, and the ability to detect contaminants in
the water
✔✔Arsenic (As) - ✔✔May be present in water sources coming from either natural or
industrial sources; when ingested it causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, nerve
damage, and death
✔✔Cadmium (Cd) - ✔✔May be in natural water and drinking water. Increases in
concentration may result from industrial discharges or leaching of distribution pipes.
When ingested, causes nausea and vomiting.
✔✔Chloride (Cl-) - ✔✔Exists in natural water sources (i.e., seawater), which originates
from salt deposits, domestic and industrial waste and agricultural runoff; produces an
objectionable taste
✔✔Chromium (Cr) - ✔✔Although a beneficial dietary supplement, the hexavalent form
can be toxic. If ingested, it can cause diarrhea, nausea, and liver damage
✔✔Cyanide (Cn-) - ✔✔Can be present in natural water sources coming from industrial
sources such as metal, photograph, coke production, or mining; it is a toxic chemical
that causes convulsions, paralysis, respiratory arrest, and death if ingested
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔A characteristic of water caused by soluble minerals and salts
(carbonates and sulfates) of calcium, iron, and magnesium in the water
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Concentrated - ✔✔A great amount of solute in a small amount of solvent
✔✔Saturated - ✔✔As much solute dissolved in the solvent as possible without
precipitation
✔✔Precipitation - ✔✔Formation of a solid in a solution
✔✔Supersaturated - ✔✔More solute than solvent can normally hold (can be
accomplished by varying the temperature, agitation, and/or increasing the surface area,
such as using powder rather than chunks or blocks of chemicals)
✔✔Acid - ✔✔Any compound that has free hydrogen cations such as hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
✔✔Base - ✔✔Any compound which has free hydroxyl anions such as sodium hydroxide
(NaOH - salt)
✔✔Neutral solution - ✔✔pH of 7
✔✔Acidic solution - ✔✔pH of less than 7 (range 0-6.9)
✔✔Alkali/Basic solution - ✔✔pH of more than 7 (7.1-14)
✔✔pH meter - ✔✔Direct reading instrument, used in fixed laboratories and in field water
test kits
✔✔pH paper - ✔✔Paper which changes color when exposed to acid or base solutions
Color is determined by concentration of H+/OH- ions (Hydroxide).
✔✔Color comparator - ✔✔Used extensively for water testing, primarily in the field and
during water collection, many different types of kits fielded
✔✔Purposes of water quality analysis (3) - ✔✔1. Avoid degradation of personnel's
performance
2. Prevent damage to materials used in the transportation and storage of water
3. Obtain water suitable to sustain personnel's health
, ✔✔Color - ✔✔Dependent upon colored substances in the water, such as plant matter
derived from roots and leaves and inorganic compounds such as iron and manganese
salts
✔✔Odor and taste - ✔✔Caused by algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved
gases and industrial waste that affects the palatability of water if not removed
✔✔Turbidity - ✔✔Refers to sediment content in the water such as suspended mud,
sand, silt, clay, and other organic and inorganic matter that could increase the need for
chlorine unless removed
✔✔Temperature - ✔✔Warm water tastes flat, but cool water suppresses odors and
taste and is harder to chlorinate
✔✔Warm water - ✔✔Tastes flat
✔✔Cool water - ✔✔Suppresses odors and taste and is harder to chlorinate
✔✔pH (Acidity/Alkalinity) - ✔✔Influences the corrosiveness of the water, the amount of
disinfectant necessary for proper disinfection, and the ability to detect contaminants in
the water
✔✔Arsenic (As) - ✔✔May be present in water sources coming from either natural or
industrial sources; when ingested it causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, nerve
damage, and death
✔✔Cadmium (Cd) - ✔✔May be in natural water and drinking water. Increases in
concentration may result from industrial discharges or leaching of distribution pipes.
When ingested, causes nausea and vomiting.
✔✔Chloride (Cl-) - ✔✔Exists in natural water sources (i.e., seawater), which originates
from salt deposits, domestic and industrial waste and agricultural runoff; produces an
objectionable taste
✔✔Chromium (Cr) - ✔✔Although a beneficial dietary supplement, the hexavalent form
can be toxic. If ingested, it can cause diarrhea, nausea, and liver damage
✔✔Cyanide (Cn-) - ✔✔Can be present in natural water sources coming from industrial
sources such as metal, photograph, coke production, or mining; it is a toxic chemical
that causes convulsions, paralysis, respiratory arrest, and death if ingested
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔A characteristic of water caused by soluble minerals and salts
(carbonates and sulfates) of calcium, iron, and magnesium in the water
