NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ LATEST FALL

NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ LATEST
FALL




� NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM – COMPLETE REVIEW GUIDE

,🔑 HOW THE MIDTERM IS TESTED
Most NURS 6501 midterms focus on:

 Mechanisms of disease (WHY it happens)
 Cellular & molecular processes
 Compare & contrast disorders
 Clinical application (labs, symptoms, risk factors)

⚠️ NOT memorization-heavy — concept integration is key




1�⃣ CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY
& DEATH (VERY HIGH YIELD)
Cellular Adaptations

Adaptation Definition Example
Hypertrophy ↑ cell size LV hypertrophy in HTN
Hyperplasia ↑ cell number Endometrial hyperplasia
Atrophy ↓ cell size Muscle wasting
Metaplasia Cell type change Barrett’s esophagus

📌 Metaplasia increases cancer risk



Cell Injury

 Reversible injury
o Cellular swelling
o Fatty change
 Irreversible injury
o Mitochondrial damage
o Membrane rupture
o Nuclear damage




Cell Death

 Necrosis
o Uncontrolled
o Inflammatory

,  Apoptosis
o Programmed
o No inflammation

💡 Cancer = failure of apoptosis




2�⃣ INFLAMMATION & IMMUNITY
Acute Inflammation
 Vasodilation
 ↑ capillary permeability
 Neutrophils dominate

Chronic Inflammation
 Macrophages & lymphocytes
 Tissue destruction + fibrosis



Cytokines (TESTED)

Cytokine Function
IL-1 Fever
TNF-α Systemic inflammation
IL-6 Acute phase response
Histamine Vasodilation


Hypersensitivity Reactions

Type Mechanism Example
I IgE Anaphylaxis
II Cytotoxic Hemolytic anemia
III Immune complex SLE
IV Delayed Contact dermatitis



3�⃣ GENETICS & GENOMIC
INFLUENCES