CSOWM (For RDs) EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST 2026/2027
UPDATE (GRADED A+)
Physical Activity for Children/Adolescents with Diabetes (1 & 2) & Pre-
DM - ANSWER At least 60 minutes per day of moderate to strenuous
aerobic activity.
At least three times a week, engage in intense muscular and bone-
strengthening activities.
Physical Activity for Adults with Diabetes: ANSWER 150 minutes of
moderate to intense aerobic activity weekly (across at least three days).
At most two consecutive days without activities.
75 minutes of strenuous aerobic activity each week (if appropriate).
2-3 weekly resistance workout sessions on nonconsecutive days.
All individuals should reduce sedentary time (interrupt every 30 minutes
for BG benefit).
Flexibility and balance training are recommended 2-3 times per week for
older persons with diabetes.
,Potential contraindications for diabetes and exercise: ANSWER
Retinopathy (risk of vitreous haemorrhage or retinal detachment).
Peripheral neuropathy (examine feet and wear protection)
Autonomic neuropathy (a complete heart evaluation)
Diabetic renal disease (an abrupt rise in urine albumin excretion),
although no special workout limits are required.
Critical periods to examine DSMES - ANSWER 1. At the diagnosis
2. Annually
3. When difficulties develop.
4. When shifts in care occur
Behaviour Management for Diabetics - DSMES
MNT
Physical activity.
,Smoking cessation
Psychosocial Care
Pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: ANSWER Metformin first (cheap
cost).
Early insulin therapy if there is evidence of catabolism, hyperglycemia,
and A1c > 10%.
SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists in individuals with CVD, renal
disease, or heart failure.
DPP–4 inhibitors - weight-neutral type II diabetes medicine.
Ends in -gliptin
(Januvia)
Better GI tolerance than Metformin.
Thiazolidinediones are a low-cost type II diabetes medication that might
cause weight gain.
Sulfonylureas (Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride) are low-cost.
Insulin
, GLP-1 Agonists - Answer: Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda).
Semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy)
Exenatide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Injections that impact POMC neurons and cause satiety
SGLT2 inhibitors: Canagliflozin (Invokana)
Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)
Empagliflozin (Jardiance)
hinders the reabsorption of glucose and water in the renal tubules.
DM and Psychosocial Care - ANSWER Should be incorporated patient-
centred and delivered to all those diagnosed.
may include attitudes, expectations about medications and outcomes,
affect or mood, quality of life, financial, social, and emotional resources,
and mental history.
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST 2026/2027
UPDATE (GRADED A+)
Physical Activity for Children/Adolescents with Diabetes (1 & 2) & Pre-
DM - ANSWER At least 60 minutes per day of moderate to strenuous
aerobic activity.
At least three times a week, engage in intense muscular and bone-
strengthening activities.
Physical Activity for Adults with Diabetes: ANSWER 150 minutes of
moderate to intense aerobic activity weekly (across at least three days).
At most two consecutive days without activities.
75 minutes of strenuous aerobic activity each week (if appropriate).
2-3 weekly resistance workout sessions on nonconsecutive days.
All individuals should reduce sedentary time (interrupt every 30 minutes
for BG benefit).
Flexibility and balance training are recommended 2-3 times per week for
older persons with diabetes.
,Potential contraindications for diabetes and exercise: ANSWER
Retinopathy (risk of vitreous haemorrhage or retinal detachment).
Peripheral neuropathy (examine feet and wear protection)
Autonomic neuropathy (a complete heart evaluation)
Diabetic renal disease (an abrupt rise in urine albumin excretion),
although no special workout limits are required.
Critical periods to examine DSMES - ANSWER 1. At the diagnosis
2. Annually
3. When difficulties develop.
4. When shifts in care occur
Behaviour Management for Diabetics - DSMES
MNT
Physical activity.
,Smoking cessation
Psychosocial Care
Pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: ANSWER Metformin first (cheap
cost).
Early insulin therapy if there is evidence of catabolism, hyperglycemia,
and A1c > 10%.
SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists in individuals with CVD, renal
disease, or heart failure.
DPP–4 inhibitors - weight-neutral type II diabetes medicine.
Ends in -gliptin
(Januvia)
Better GI tolerance than Metformin.
Thiazolidinediones are a low-cost type II diabetes medication that might
cause weight gain.
Sulfonylureas (Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride) are low-cost.
Insulin
, GLP-1 Agonists - Answer: Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda).
Semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy)
Exenatide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Injections that impact POMC neurons and cause satiety
SGLT2 inhibitors: Canagliflozin (Invokana)
Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)
Empagliflozin (Jardiance)
hinders the reabsorption of glucose and water in the renal tubules.
DM and Psychosocial Care - ANSWER Should be incorporated patient-
centred and delivered to all those diagnosed.
may include attitudes, expectations about medications and outcomes,
affect or mood, quality of life, financial, social, and emotional resources,
and mental history.
