NURS 8022ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+) LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
Negative Feedback -CORRECTANSWER Promotes stability; cancels out the original
response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback -CORRECTANSWER Promotes a change in one direction;
instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins -CORRECTANSWER Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins -CORRECTANSWER channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors,
second messengers
Peripheral proteins -CORRECTANSWER Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP -CORRECTANSWER Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds
between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion -CORRECTANSWER Occurs down a concentration gradient;
from HIGH to LOW concentration
,Simple/passive diffusion -CORRECTANSWER Diffuse from high to lower pressure;
diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion -CORRECTANSWER 1. Concentration
difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters
TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis -CORRECTANSWER Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an
area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport -CORRECTANSWER Molecules are "pumped" against
("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport -CORRECTANSWER Trasport is driven by the energy
STORED in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF
ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
, Ca2+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl
secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump -CORRECTANSWER sodium is pumped out of
the cell; potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport -CORRECTANSWER Co-transport:
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport -CORRECTANSWER Substance is transported in the opposite
direction as the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? -CORRECTANSWER
Increase intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels -CORRECTANSWER determined by size, shape, distribution of
charge
AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+) LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
Negative Feedback -CORRECTANSWER Promotes stability; cancels out the original
response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback -CORRECTANSWER Promotes a change in one direction;
instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins -CORRECTANSWER Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins -CORRECTANSWER channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors,
second messengers
Peripheral proteins -CORRECTANSWER Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP -CORRECTANSWER Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds
between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion -CORRECTANSWER Occurs down a concentration gradient;
from HIGH to LOW concentration
,Simple/passive diffusion -CORRECTANSWER Diffuse from high to lower pressure;
diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion -CORRECTANSWER 1. Concentration
difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters
TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis -CORRECTANSWER Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an
area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport -CORRECTANSWER Molecules are "pumped" against
("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport -CORRECTANSWER Trasport is driven by the energy
STORED in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF
ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
, Ca2+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase -CORRECTANSWER - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl
secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump -CORRECTANSWER sodium is pumped out of
the cell; potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport -CORRECTANSWER Co-transport:
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport -CORRECTANSWER Substance is transported in the opposite
direction as the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? -CORRECTANSWER
Increase intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels -CORRECTANSWER determined by size, shape, distribution of
charge
