Bio400 Exam 4 Rated A+ Solution
guide (Verified) UPDATED
DNA damage - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormal chemical structure in DNA
DNA mutations - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in the sequence of base pairs
Point mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in one or few nucleotides
Substitution - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon
in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide
transition - CORRECT ANSWER-A<->G(purines), C<->T(pyrimidines)
Transversions - CORRECT ANSWER-a purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged
Indel - CORRECT ANSWER-Insertion or deletion of nucleotides
chromosome abnormalities - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in the number and
structure of entire chromosomes
AUG - CORRECT ANSWER-start codon
How many codons - CORRECT ANSWER-64
genetic Code - CORRECT ANSWER-The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA
molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
,UAA, UAG, UGA - CORRECT ANSWER-stop codons
nonsynonymous mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-a nucleotide mutation that
alters the amino acid sequence of a protein
Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation that changes an amino
acid codon to one of the three stop codons results in a nonfunctional protein.
synonymous mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation that does not result in
a different amino acid
Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-involves the insertion or deletion of
a nucleotide in the DNA sequence not divisible by 3
reading frame - CORRECT ANSWER-Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct
groupings.
DNA Replication Fidelity - CORRECT ANSWER-Accuracy of DNA replication
process.
DNA Polymerase III - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesizes new DNA only in the 5'
to 3' direction
5'->3' polymerization domain
3'-> exonuclease domain
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What is the proofreading function of DNA polymerase? - CORRECT ANSWER-
DNA polymerases can identify a mismatched nucleotide and remove it from the
daughter strand.
What activity does DNA polymerase use to remove mismatched nucleotides? -
CORRECT ANSWER-The enzyme uses a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity.
In which direction does DNA synthesis resume after proofreading? - CORRECT
ANSWER-DNA synthesis resumes in the 5' to 3' direction.
mismatch repair (MMR) - CORRECT ANSWER-An enzymatic system for
repairing base mismatches (non-Watson-Crick pairs) in DNA.
mismatch repair (MMR) steps - CORRECT ANSWER-recognition; removal;
resynthesis and ligation
mismatch repair (MMR) Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Hereditary non-
polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
Prevalence: 1 in 280 Americans
define Depurination - CORRECT ANSWER-hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidc
bonds in DNA
Depurination leads to - CORRECT ANSWER-the formation of apurinic site (AP,
or abasic site) and
results in an alteration of the structure
guide (Verified) UPDATED
DNA damage - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormal chemical structure in DNA
DNA mutations - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in the sequence of base pairs
Point mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in one or few nucleotides
Substitution - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon
in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide
transition - CORRECT ANSWER-A<->G(purines), C<->T(pyrimidines)
Transversions - CORRECT ANSWER-a purine and a pyrimidine are interchanged
Indel - CORRECT ANSWER-Insertion or deletion of nucleotides
chromosome abnormalities - CORRECT ANSWER-Changes in the number and
structure of entire chromosomes
AUG - CORRECT ANSWER-start codon
How many codons - CORRECT ANSWER-64
genetic Code - CORRECT ANSWER-The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA
molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
,UAA, UAG, UGA - CORRECT ANSWER-stop codons
nonsynonymous mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-a nucleotide mutation that
alters the amino acid sequence of a protein
Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation that changes an amino
acid codon to one of the three stop codons results in a nonfunctional protein.
synonymous mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-A mutation that does not result in
a different amino acid
Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWER-involves the insertion or deletion of
a nucleotide in the DNA sequence not divisible by 3
reading frame - CORRECT ANSWER-Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct
groupings.
DNA Replication Fidelity - CORRECT ANSWER-Accuracy of DNA replication
process.
DNA Polymerase III - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesizes new DNA only in the 5'
to 3' direction
5'->3' polymerization domain
3'-> exonuclease domain
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What is the proofreading function of DNA polymerase? - CORRECT ANSWER-
DNA polymerases can identify a mismatched nucleotide and remove it from the
daughter strand.
What activity does DNA polymerase use to remove mismatched nucleotides? -
CORRECT ANSWER-The enzyme uses a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity.
In which direction does DNA synthesis resume after proofreading? - CORRECT
ANSWER-DNA synthesis resumes in the 5' to 3' direction.
mismatch repair (MMR) - CORRECT ANSWER-An enzymatic system for
repairing base mismatches (non-Watson-Crick pairs) in DNA.
mismatch repair (MMR) steps - CORRECT ANSWER-recognition; removal;
resynthesis and ligation
mismatch repair (MMR) Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Hereditary non-
polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
Prevalence: 1 in 280 Americans
define Depurination - CORRECT ANSWER-hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidc
bonds in DNA
Depurination leads to - CORRECT ANSWER-the formation of apurinic site (AP,
or abasic site) and
results in an alteration of the structure
