AP Psychology Unit 2 Cognition
(updated for 25/26 SY)
1.Bottom-up processing: analysis that begins with the sensory
receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory
information
2.Top-down processing: information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our
experience and expectations
3.Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets
information
4.Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not
another
5.Gestalt psychology: a psychological approach that emphasizes that
we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
6.Closure: the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
7.Figure and ground: the organization of the visual field into objects (the
figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
8.proximity: the way relationships are formed between things close to on
another
9.similarity: the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each
other as being part of the same group
10.attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or event
11.selective attention: the ability to focus on only one stimulus from
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, among all sensory input
12.cocktail party effect: Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a
crowd
13.inattentional blindness: failing to see visible objects when our
attention is directed elsewhere
14.Change blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment; a
form of inattentional blindness
15.binocular depth cues: clues about distance based on the differing
views of the two eyes
16.retinal disparity: a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing
images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance
—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the
closer the object.
17.convergence: A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to
which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
18.monocular depth cues: aspects of a scene that yield information
about depth when viewed with only one eye
19.relative clarity: a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects
are farther away than sharp, clear objects
20.relative size: a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller
retinal image is farther away
21.texture gradient: the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to
become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
22.linear perspective: A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more
parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
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13
(updated for 25/26 SY)
1.Bottom-up processing: analysis that begins with the sensory
receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory
information
2.Top-down processing: information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our
experience and expectations
3.Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets
information
4.Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not
another
5.Gestalt psychology: a psychological approach that emphasizes that
we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
6.Closure: the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
7.Figure and ground: the organization of the visual field into objects (the
figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
8.proximity: the way relationships are formed between things close to on
another
9.similarity: the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each
other as being part of the same group
10.attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or event
11.selective attention: the ability to focus on only one stimulus from
1/
13
, among all sensory input
12.cocktail party effect: Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a
crowd
13.inattentional blindness: failing to see visible objects when our
attention is directed elsewhere
14.Change blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment; a
form of inattentional blindness
15.binocular depth cues: clues about distance based on the differing
views of the two eyes
16.retinal disparity: a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing
images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance
—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the
closer the object.
17.convergence: A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to
which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
18.monocular depth cues: aspects of a scene that yield information
about depth when viewed with only one eye
19.relative clarity: a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects
are farther away than sharp, clear objects
20.relative size: a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller
retinal image is farther away
21.texture gradient: the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to
become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
22.linear perspective: A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more
parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
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13
