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Samenvatting klinisch cardiaal onderzoek

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Samenvatting college klinisch cardiaal onderzoek met illustraties ter verduidelijking + extra verduidelijkende info bv. bij harttonen

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De thorax - hartaandoeningen
Uploaded on
February 28, 2021
Number of pages
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Written in
2019/2020
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CARDIAAL ONDERZOEK
1 INHOUD
2 Anatomie en fysiologie ............................................................................................................... 3
3 Anamnese ................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Specifieke anamnese ........................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Thoracale pijn/ Retrosternale pijn .......................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Dyspnoe ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Palpitaties of hartkloppingen .................................................................................................. 8
3.1.4 Oedemen ................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.5 Syncope ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.6 Claudicatio intermittens .......................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Cardiovasculair risicoprofiel ................................................................................................................ 9
4 Bloeddruk ................................................................................................................................. 10
4.1 caorcatio aortae ................................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 subclavian steal syndrome ................................................................................................................ 13
4.3 Pulsus paradoxus ............................................................................................................................... 13
5 Inspectie ................................................................................................................................... 14
6 Palpatie ..................................................................................................................................... 16
6.1 CVD-Meting ....................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 HJR ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.3 Palpatie ictus cordis en thrill ............................................................................................................. 19
6.4 Palpatie arteriële pulsaties ................................................................................................................ 20
6.4.1 Aneurysma van de abdominale aorta ................................................................................... 22
6.5 Palperen oedeem .............................................................................................................................. 22
7 Percussie ................................................................................................................................... 23
8 Auscultatie ................................................................................................................................ 24
8.1 Auscultatieplaatsen van het hart p ................................................................................................... 24
8.2 Normale harttonen............................................................................................................................ 25
8.2.1 Eerste harttoon (“LUB”) ........................................................................................................ 26
8.2.2 ‘Ejectieklick’ ........................................................................................................................... 26
8.2.3 Tweede harttoon (“DUB”) ..................................................................................................... 27
8.3 Extra harttonen ................................................................................................................................. 29
8.3.1 Opening snap......................................................................................................................... 29

1

, 8.3.2 Derde harttoon ...................................................................................................................... 29
8.3.3 Vierde harttoon ..................................................................................................................... 30
8.4 Hartgeruisen – abnormale harttonen ............................................................................................... 30
8.4.1 Aortastenose ......................................................................................................................... 32
8.4.2 Mitralisinsufficiëntie.............................................................................................................. 33
8.4.3 Mitralisstenose ...................................................................................................................... 33
8.4.4 Aortainsufficiëntie ................................................................................................................. 33
9 Hartfalen ................................................................................................................................... 34
9.1 Linker HF ............................................................................................................................................ 34
9.2 Rechter HF ......................................................................................................................................... 34




2

,2 ANATOMIE EN FYSIOLOGIE
• Het hart ligt centraal in de thoraxholte tussen beide longen, met het rechterventrikel aan de
voorzijde en met het linkerventrikel daarachter en meer naar links. Wanneer men het hart
projecteert op de borstkas, neemt het linker ventrikel het meeste plaats in. Dit vormt de
linker hartgrens, die bij percussie belangrijke informatie verschaft over de hartgrootte. De
meest laterale plaats waar de punt of apex van het hart tegen de borstwand aan stoot, noemt
men de ictus cordis of puntstoot (zie verder).




o Linker ventrikel tussen 3-6 intercostale ruimte (ICR)
o Spierwand linker ventrikel tot 140 mmHg of meer (= vrij gespierd gedeelte), rechter
ventrikel minder gespierd en drukken tot 30 mmhg.

• Het is gebruikelijk op de thorax een aantal denkbeeldige lijnen te tekenen, die men gebruikt
bij de beschrijving van het onderzoek van de thorax en de daarin liggende organen. Allereerst
betreft dit de medioclaviculaire lijn (MCL) links en rechts, een lijn die loodrecht naar beneden
gaat vanuit het midden van de clavicula. Aan de linkerzijde gebruikt men deze lijn om bij
percussie van het hart de hartgrootte hieraan te refereren.




3

, • BLOEDSOMLOOP en lokalisatie van kleppen :




• Auscultatie van het hart gebeurt steeds op een aantal vaste plaatsen = Plaatsen waar men de
verschillende kleppen kan horen om afwijkingen te detecteren
1. Mitralisklep: t.h.v. de apex van het hart
2. Aortaklep: van de apex rechts naar boven = 2de ICR Rechts
3. Pulmonalisklep: links boven = 2de ICR Links
4. Trucuspidalisklep: Rechts/links onder = 4de ICR Rechts/Links
▪ Stenosen en insufficiënties zullen via auscultatie te horen zijn op die
gebieden.




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