ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWER S) 2026\2027
VERIFIED AND GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - Correct answer Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - Correct answer Need 2nd
Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - Correct answer TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer Acct for 75% of total weight
of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and
pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior
Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Correct answer Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median
eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa
or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - Correct answer Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - Correct answer contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
,Hormones of posterior pituitary - Correct answer ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Correct answer Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - Correct answer HORMONES: Thyrotropin
Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - Correct answer Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Correct answer Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - Correct answer Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Correct answer Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - Correct
answer ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Correct answer
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
,TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and
androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - Correct answer Milk production
TSH - Correct answer Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Correct answer Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Correct answer Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In
Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - Correct answer Fat breakdown and release of
fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Correct answer Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain
opioid receptors)
ADH functions - Correct answer Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular
cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated
urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E,
and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Correct answer
High levels of ADH - Correct answer Acts on Vasopressin 1
receptors causing vasoconstriction
, ADH secretion is controlled by: - Correct answer osmoreceptors
of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality,
then ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from
the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular
volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid
and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on
receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - Correct answer Decrease in
plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume,
hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Correct answer
Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during
shock states.
Oxytocin - Correct answer Responsible for contraction of uterus
and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in
men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention
of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells
in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer ACTH, MSH,
LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Correct
answer Chromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are
secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.
FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWER S) 2026\2027
VERIFIED AND GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - Correct answer Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - Correct answer Need 2nd
Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - Correct answer TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer Acct for 75% of total weight
of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and
pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior
Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Correct answer Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median
eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa
or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - Correct answer Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - Correct answer contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
,Hormones of posterior pituitary - Correct answer ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Correct answer Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - Correct answer HORMONES: Thyrotropin
Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - Correct answer Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Correct answer Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - Correct answer Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Correct answer Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - Correct
answer ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH,
Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Correct answer
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
,TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and
androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - Correct answer Milk production
TSH - Correct answer Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Correct answer Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Correct answer Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In
Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - Correct answer Fat breakdown and release of
fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Correct answer Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain
opioid receptors)
ADH functions - Correct answer Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular
cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated
urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E,
and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Correct answer
High levels of ADH - Correct answer Acts on Vasopressin 1
receptors causing vasoconstriction
, ADH secretion is controlled by: - Correct answer osmoreceptors
of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality,
then ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from
the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular
volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid
and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on
receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - Correct answer Decrease in
plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume,
hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Correct answer
Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during
shock states.
Oxytocin - Correct answer Responsible for contraction of uterus
and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in
men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention
of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells
in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Correct answer ACTH, MSH,
LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Correct
answer Chromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are
secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.
