R2P, LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT (LOAC), ICIL.
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Three Pillars of RDP - Answer: 1. States have a responsibility to protect populations
from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
2. International society has a responsibility to help states fulfil R2P
3. Should states fail, international society will take action
Kosovo Pre-R2P - Answer: Hehir, 2010
Albanian community hoped for autonomy inside Serbia
Kosovo Liberation Army campaign for independence faced backlash from Serbian gov't
UN ordered Serbia to remove troops in Feb. 1999
March 1999, NATO begins bombing campaign
Then under UN administration, 2008 Kosovo independence
Over 10,000 dead, 1.5 mil. Displaced
Example of Choosing Not to Intervene - Answer: Sudan - 2003
No military intervention due to size of Sudan and poor infrastructure, would hinder
humanitarian aid, would harm relations with Arab world
Kuperman (2009, 2011) - Answer: -R2P fails to protect citizens
-W/o threat of force, R2P meaningless
-Western states abused R2P during 2000s due to their fixation on the Global War on
Terror
Bellamy (2011) - Answer: R2P is now the commonly accepted frame of reference for
preventing and responding to mass atrocities
UNSC Resolution 1973 - Answer: Authorised protection of civilians at 'all necessary
measures'
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Willams + Bellamy (2005) - Answer: Gap between words and deeds, R2P weak and
insufficient.
Major lack of attention paid to 'responsibility to prevent'
5 Structural Problems - Answer: 1. Mixed Motives Problem
2. Counterfactual Problem
3. Conspicuous Harm Problem
4. End-State Problem
5. Inconsistency Problem
Roland Paris (2015) - Answer: -Highlights 5 structural problems specific to the military
operations
- Not enough research onto the practicalities of R2P
- R2P likely to remain weak and contested rather than becoming a valuable tool
Mixed Emotions Problem - Answer: -Problems surround legitimacy - thin line between
the difference of humanitarian intervention and war. (distinction is politically important)
-Hard to imagine military operations motivated entirely by humanitarian motives
-No intervention is entirely 'altruistic'
-Poses problem of legitimacy - when altruistic operations are supposed to get their
legitimacy and credibility from being humanitarian and not reflective of self-interest
Counterfactual Problem - Answer: -Difficulty in demonstrating whether or not an
operation was successful when the goal of it is a non-event (ie. No mass atrocity)
-Counterfactual reasoning cannot be disproved or proved, so highly limited and
indeterminate form of argumentation (ie. What would've happened without intervention)
Conspicuous Harm Problem - Answer: -Even the most carefully planned operations
suffer collateral damage and accidental deaths
-Argues that this is likely to have a more immediate impact than what would've
happened without intervention
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
Quality content you can rely on!
Three Pillars of RDP - Answer: 1. States have a responsibility to protect populations
from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
2. International society has a responsibility to help states fulfil R2P
3. Should states fail, international society will take action
Kosovo Pre-R2P - Answer: Hehir, 2010
Albanian community hoped for autonomy inside Serbia
Kosovo Liberation Army campaign for independence faced backlash from Serbian gov't
UN ordered Serbia to remove troops in Feb. 1999
March 1999, NATO begins bombing campaign
Then under UN administration, 2008 Kosovo independence
Over 10,000 dead, 1.5 mil. Displaced
Example of Choosing Not to Intervene - Answer: Sudan - 2003
No military intervention due to size of Sudan and poor infrastructure, would hinder
humanitarian aid, would harm relations with Arab world
Kuperman (2009, 2011) - Answer: -R2P fails to protect citizens
-W/o threat of force, R2P meaningless
-Western states abused R2P during 2000s due to their fixation on the Global War on
Terror
Bellamy (2011) - Answer: R2P is now the commonly accepted frame of reference for
preventing and responding to mass atrocities
UNSC Resolution 1973 - Answer: Authorised protection of civilians at 'all necessary
measures'
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Willams + Bellamy (2005) - Answer: Gap between words and deeds, R2P weak and
insufficient.
Major lack of attention paid to 'responsibility to prevent'
5 Structural Problems - Answer: 1. Mixed Motives Problem
2. Counterfactual Problem
3. Conspicuous Harm Problem
4. End-State Problem
5. Inconsistency Problem
Roland Paris (2015) - Answer: -Highlights 5 structural problems specific to the military
operations
- Not enough research onto the practicalities of R2P
- R2P likely to remain weak and contested rather than becoming a valuable tool
Mixed Emotions Problem - Answer: -Problems surround legitimacy - thin line between
the difference of humanitarian intervention and war. (distinction is politically important)
-Hard to imagine military operations motivated entirely by humanitarian motives
-No intervention is entirely 'altruistic'
-Poses problem of legitimacy - when altruistic operations are supposed to get their
legitimacy and credibility from being humanitarian and not reflective of self-interest
Counterfactual Problem - Answer: -Difficulty in demonstrating whether or not an
operation was successful when the goal of it is a non-event (ie. No mass atrocity)
-Counterfactual reasoning cannot be disproved or proved, so highly limited and
indeterminate form of argumentation (ie. What would've happened without intervention)
Conspicuous Harm Problem - Answer: -Even the most carefully planned operations
suffer collateral damage and accidental deaths
-Argues that this is likely to have a more immediate impact than what would've
happened without intervention
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
