BSNC 2000 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔what is the difference between obese and slim individuals in terms of microbiome? -
✔✔less diversity in obese individuals
✔✔intrauterine environmental factors that may contribute to obesity - ✔✔maternal
smoking
undernutrition/overnutrition (malnutrition of mother)
diabetes during pregnancy
✔✔pathophysiological effects of obesity - ✔✔excess fat stored in adipose tissue
(subcutaneous and visceral), muscle and liver
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes
note: visceral adipose tissue -> adipokines (some inflammatory), hormones, and fatty
acids -> potential negative effects
✔✔effects of obesity - ✔✔inc BP
dyslipidemia
insulin resistance
mechanical stresses
✔✔how is excess cholesterol related to cancer? - ✔✔excess cholesterol -> excess sex
hormones -> certain cancers sensitive to these hormones
✔✔anabolism - ✔✔small -> big
✔✔catabolism - ✔✔big -> small
✔✔what regulates metabolic reactions? - ✔✔enzymes
nutrients
receptors
hormones
✔✔factors that dec BG - ✔✔fasting
insulin
✔✔factors that inc BG - ✔✔eating
glucagon*
cortisol*
epinephrine*
growth hormone*
, (*stress response)
✔✔adrenal insufficiency - ✔✔condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce
necessary hormones
cortisol normally inc BG; not enough cortisol -> hypoglycemia
✔✔risk factors for Type 2 DM - ✔✔>40 yo
1st degree relative with T2DM
overweight/obese
low SES
hx of gestational DM; delivery of >4.0 kg birth weight baby
hx of pre-diabetes
✔✔metabolic syndrome - ✔✔A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or
more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride
levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to
increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
✔✔conditions associated with insulin resistance - ✔✔acanthosis nigricans (dark, velvety
areas of skin in skin creases)
polycystic ovarian syndrome (androgen excess and insulin resistance)
✔✔how is waist circumference measured? - ✔✔waist:hip
✔✔how is T1DM identified? - ✔✔autoantibodies in the blood
no or very low blood C-peptide levels
elevated ketones
✔✔blurred vision and hyperglycemia - ✔✔swelling of the lens (glucose enters cells of
the lens -> sorbitol; osmotically active, water follows)
✔✔fatigue associated with DM - ✔✔dec plasma volume (dehydration from polyuria|),
poor perfusion (viscous, sticky blood), cells are starved of glucose for ATP production
despite BG levels high
✔✔manifestations of poor circulation - ✔✔delayed wound healing
tingling, numbness
high freq of infections
✔✔rapid acting insulin - ✔✔lispro, aspart, glulisine
✔✔Short acting insulin - ✔✔regular
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔what is the difference between obese and slim individuals in terms of microbiome? -
✔✔less diversity in obese individuals
✔✔intrauterine environmental factors that may contribute to obesity - ✔✔maternal
smoking
undernutrition/overnutrition (malnutrition of mother)
diabetes during pregnancy
✔✔pathophysiological effects of obesity - ✔✔excess fat stored in adipose tissue
(subcutaneous and visceral), muscle and liver
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes
note: visceral adipose tissue -> adipokines (some inflammatory), hormones, and fatty
acids -> potential negative effects
✔✔effects of obesity - ✔✔inc BP
dyslipidemia
insulin resistance
mechanical stresses
✔✔how is excess cholesterol related to cancer? - ✔✔excess cholesterol -> excess sex
hormones -> certain cancers sensitive to these hormones
✔✔anabolism - ✔✔small -> big
✔✔catabolism - ✔✔big -> small
✔✔what regulates metabolic reactions? - ✔✔enzymes
nutrients
receptors
hormones
✔✔factors that dec BG - ✔✔fasting
insulin
✔✔factors that inc BG - ✔✔eating
glucagon*
cortisol*
epinephrine*
growth hormone*
, (*stress response)
✔✔adrenal insufficiency - ✔✔condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce
necessary hormones
cortisol normally inc BG; not enough cortisol -> hypoglycemia
✔✔risk factors for Type 2 DM - ✔✔>40 yo
1st degree relative with T2DM
overweight/obese
low SES
hx of gestational DM; delivery of >4.0 kg birth weight baby
hx of pre-diabetes
✔✔metabolic syndrome - ✔✔A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or
more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride
levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to
increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
✔✔conditions associated with insulin resistance - ✔✔acanthosis nigricans (dark, velvety
areas of skin in skin creases)
polycystic ovarian syndrome (androgen excess and insulin resistance)
✔✔how is waist circumference measured? - ✔✔waist:hip
✔✔how is T1DM identified? - ✔✔autoantibodies in the blood
no or very low blood C-peptide levels
elevated ketones
✔✔blurred vision and hyperglycemia - ✔✔swelling of the lens (glucose enters cells of
the lens -> sorbitol; osmotically active, water follows)
✔✔fatigue associated with DM - ✔✔dec plasma volume (dehydration from polyuria|),
poor perfusion (viscous, sticky blood), cells are starved of glucose for ATP production
despite BG levels high
✔✔manifestations of poor circulation - ✔✔delayed wound healing
tingling, numbness
high freq of infections
✔✔rapid acting insulin - ✔✔lispro, aspart, glulisine
✔✔Short acting insulin - ✔✔regular
