FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE POE Case BIOS 242 Micro-FINAL STUDY GUIDE/BIOS242Micro-FINAL STUDYGUIDE

FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – MICRO MARCH 2018 INSTRUCTIONS: It’s time to show your skills and knowledge of what you have learned! This Final Exam contributes 230 points to your overall grade, so please do your best. • There are 60 multiple choice questions worth 3 points each (180 total points). • There are 5 Fill in the blanks question worth 3 points each (15 total points). • There are 5 “Select all that apply” question worth 3 points each (15 total points). • There is 1 matching question worth 5 points (5 total points). • There is 1 essay question worth 5 points (5 total points). • There is 1 essay questions worth 10 points (10 total points). TCO 1: Given a list of Koch's postulates, analyze how early microbiologists proposed hypotheses and performed experiments to determine the causes of various diseases. Describe the contributions of Leeuwenhoek and Koch to the field of microbiology. • Antotoi van Leewenhoek Father of the microscope and discovered protozoa and bacteria • Koch studied diseases causes, simple staining techniques, estimating CFU/ml, Use of Petri dishes, transfer of bacteria, photomicrograph bacteria Describe the six different categories in which the organisms described by Leeuwenhoek were grouped. 1. Bacteria can cause disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, some lack cell walls some cell walls contain peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually (E. coli, L. spp, S. spp) 2. Archaea- Never causes disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, cell wall composed of polymers instead of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually 3. Fungi- can cause disease (Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell wall, reproduce asexually by budding. (ex. Beer S. cereviae , yeast infection C. albicans) 4. Protozoa- cause disease (Eukaryotes) single celled, similar to animals nutrients needs and cellular structure, live freely in water (ex. G. limblia, Plasmodium and malaria). (capable of movement: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella) 5. Algae- No disease (Eukaryotes) unicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive structures (ex. Alger plates Jello) 6. Small multicellular animals- worms, ticks, mosquitoes (Eukaryotes) can cause disease 7. Virus (could not observe) TCO 2 – Given pictures of a variety of microorganisms including fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, classify each as prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular and compare and contrast their structure and function. • Describe cellular macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the roles they play in cellular structures (Ch. 2) 1. Carbohydrates-energy source storage and structure 2. Proteins- are the cells structure composed of amino acids and peptide bonds involved in the transportation of substances 3. Lipids –(fats, phospholipids, waxes) hydrophobic, provides energy and insulation 4. Nucleic acids- DNA (required for photosynthesis) and RNA (carries the information to the cite of protein production) • Compare and contrast molecular components of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), eukaryotes, and viruses as well as the environmental conditions these can be found in 1. Prokaryotes Bacteria Internal structure – Endospores, Nucleoid, and Ribosomes (refer to unit 1 worksheet) External structures- Flagella, Fimbriae (sticky, short biofilms) , Pili (transfer DNA), and Cell walls (protection, cell to cell attachment, give cells shape, gram+, gram -) (refer to unit 1 worksheet) 2. Archaea- have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan (uses PPG), have cytoplasmic membranes, reproduce by; binary fusion, budding, or fragmentation. Extremophiles (pH, temputure, and, salt). • No nucleus • Smaller then eukaryotes • Diverse 3. Eukaryotes- Of the Eukaryotes fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa contain cell walls. • Internally contains nucleus (house DNA and direct the synthesis of proteins ) and membrane bound organelles(Golgi body which play a role in lipid synthesis and transport, mitochondria; has two bilayer membranes and where most ATP is produced , chloroplasts; which uses light energy to produce ATP) • The structure is more complex • Contains a plasma membrane (composed of a bilayer of phospholipid bilayer), cytoplasm, and ribosomes (larger then in prokaryotes) • contain glycocalyces which strengthens the cells surface, protects it from dehydration, and helps with anchoring animal’s cells to each other. • Cell wall-contains different types of polysaccharides; Cellulose • A Classify and describe the general characteristics of prokaryotes. • Cellular shapes (morphology) • Cellular arrangements • Describe Gram positive, Gram negative, and Acid Fast cell wall/membrane structures including molecular components (lipids, acids, endotoxins, periplasmic space). Gram Positive= has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids (endotoxin) appear purple after staining. Gram negative= thin layer of peptidoglycan, contains a bilayer membrane, lipopolysaccharide (LPS lipid A portion is responsible for fevers), appears pink after staining. Acid Fast- A gram positive bacterium that has a thick layer of peptidoglycan but also up to 60% mycolic acid. Causes TB and leprosy • Compare/contrast methods of transport into and out of cells The plasma membrane is responsible for allows molecules in and out of the cell because it is selectively permeable. Molecules are only able to enter in (endocytosis) and out (exocytosis) of the cell by passive, active and bulk transport. • Describe passive, active, bulk transport 1. Passive transport- is the move of molecules in and out of the cell without energy. Types of passive: • Diffusion- through the phospholipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration • Facilitated diffusion- nonspecific channel protein • Osmosis-diffusion of water through a water channel protein 2. Active transport- uses ATP as energy to transport molecules in and out of the cell. Pumps force molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. 3. Bulk transport- requires vesicle and metabolic energy to move molecules in and out of the cell • Compare/contrast archaea and bacteria in terms of cellular structures and how they were separated by Carl Woese. • Compare/contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of size, shape, reproduction, motility, organelles, metabolic processes TCO 3 – Given several types of microscopes, evaluate how scientists use the microscopes to identify and study microorganisms. • Describe the principles of various types of microscopy and their applications. Types, applications, alive vs. dead, stained vs. unstained 1. Light field Microscopy Simple Light field has one lens Compound- has two lenses REQUIRES STAINING (STAINING KILLS THE ORGANISM) 2. Dark Field Microscopy Best for observing pale objects. Specimen appears light against a dark background. Organism is alive (INCREASES CONTRAST AND MORE DETAILS ARE SEEN) 3. Phase- Contrast • Compare the sizes of typical sizes of eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses using scientific units (mm, um, nm) • Describe various staining methods used in microscopy • Describe how Gram stain works (& why is each step important) • Analyze the different methods of classification and identification of microorganisms. TCO 4 – Given a culture of a microorganism, examine its physical and nutritional requirements. • Explain how environmental conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen, and osmotic and hydrostatic pressure) affect microbial growth. • Correctly identify and name organisms that live in extreme conditions (e.g. psychrophiles, barophiles, etc.) or normal conditions (e.g. mesophiles) • Correctly identify organisms based on oxygen requirements (obligate anaerobe, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe) • Describe the information that can be interpreted from a growth curve; name the four phases and know what makes each unique TCO 5 – Given a nutritional requirements of a microorganism, analyze the processes of microbial metabolism • Compare and contrast respiration and fermentation. Cellular Respiration- is a process that a cell can use to make ATP and process it into 3 main types of ways: glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Fermentation- Takes place without oxygen (anaerobic), so less ATP is produced from each molecule of glucose . • Discuss the macromolecular structure as well as function of enzymes in a cell Macromolecules are made up of basic molecular units. They include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Enzymes function to catabolize large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed or transported into the cell. • How do enzymes work? What do they bind, what do they form, what is activation energy? Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. They work with substrates; the substrates will bind to a region on the enzyme which is called the active site. The enzymes will form new molecules. Activation energy is the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. • Under what conditions do most enzymes function optimally? Enzymes function optimally at a temperature that is in the range of 35-40 Celsius (95-104 Fahrenheit). • Define apoenzyme, holoenzyme, enzyme-substrate complex Apoenzyme- An inactive enzyme, activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic cofactor. Holoenzyme- An apoenzyme together with its cofactor. Enzyme-substrate complex- Is when a substrate molecule interacting with the active site of an enzyme. • Describe the three stages of aerobic glucose catabolism. 1. Energy-investment stage- the energy in two molecules of ATP is invested to phosphorylate a six-carbon glucose molecule and rearrange its atoms to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 2. Lysis stage: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 3. Energy-conserving stage- Each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized to pyruvic acid, yielding two ATP molecules each, for a total of four ATP; It also oxidizes to pyruvic acid, yielding another two ATP molecules, for a total of four ATP molecules. • Know major products of each stage and relative # of ATP produced for each stage • Know where in the cell each stage occurs (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) Prokaryotic- Located in multicellular organisms (has nucleus) Eukaryotic- Located in the nucleoid (no nucleus) • Compare aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in terms of products and # ATP produced Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen uses 36-38 ATP molecules Anaerobic metabolism uses without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors. Uses between 36-2 ATP molecules.