Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 4
Questions with Accurate Answers
Endocrine system - ANSWERSHormones delivered to bloodstream
Nervous system - ANSWERSSense organs receive info, cns determines responses,
then issues commands to glands and muscles
CNS - ANSWERSBrain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings
Cell bodies- nucleus
Axons- tract
PNS - ANSWERSEverything other than brain and spinal cord
Cell bodies- ganglion
Axons- nerve
Sensory division of PNS - ANSWERSVisceral sensory and somatic sensory division
(receptors to CNS)
Motor division of PNS - ANSWERSSomatic motor- controls skeletal muscle. Visceral
motor (ANS)- regulates heart, smooth muscle, and glands. Divided into sympathetic
division (action) and parasympathetic division (digestion).
Sensory neurons - ANSWERSDetect changes in body and external environment then
info is transmitted into brain or spinal cord
Interneurons (association neurons) - ANSWERSBetween sensory and motor neurons,
90%of neurons, process, store and receive info
Motor neurons - ANSWERSSend signals out to muscles and gland cells
Effectors - ANSWERSMuscles that carry out responses for motor neurons
Properties of neurons - ANSWERSExcitability, conductivity, and secretion
Excitability - ANSWERSAbility to respond to changes in body and external environment
called stimuli
Conductivity - ANSWERSProduce traveling electrical signals
Secretion - ANSWERSWhen electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a chemical
neurotransmitter is secreted
, Structure of a neuron - ANSWERSCell body (soma)- all normal organelles including
nucleus and nucleolus, dendrites- receive signals, axon- nerve fiber arising from axon
hillock
Types of neurons - ANSWERSMultipolar, bipolar, unipolar, and anaxonic neuron
Multipolar neurons - ANSWERSMost common, many dendrites (one or more axons)
Bipolar neurons - ANSWERSOne dendrite/ one axon, used for olfactory, retina, and ear
Unipolar neurons - ANSWERSSensory from skin and organs to spinal cord (dorsal root
ganglion)
Anaxonic neuron - ANSWERSMany dendrites/ no axon, help in visual processes and
specialized
Axonal transport - ANSWERSMany (not all) proteins made in soma and must be
transported to axon and axon terminal
Fast anterograde - ANSWERSKinesin, moves up to 400 mm/day, moving organelles,
enzymes, vesicles and small molecules (active)
Fast retrograde - ANSWERSDynein, recycled materials and pathogens (active)
Slow axonal transport - ANSWERSAxoplasmic flow, moves cytoskeletal and new
axoplasm at 10 mm/day during repair and regeneration in damaged axons (passive)
Neuroglia cells - ANSWERSOligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes,
and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWERSForm myelin sheets in CNS (can do multiple at a time).
Myelinatioj spirals inward with new layers pushed under the old ones
Ependymal cells - ANSWERSLine cavities (ventricles) and produced CSF
Microglia - ANSWERSMacrophages, formed from monocytes and in area of infection,
trauma or stroke (modified WBC)
Astrocytes - ANSWERSMost abundant glial cell. Forms framework of CNS. Regulates
composition of brain tissue fluid, secrets nerve growth factor promoting synapse
formation, and has electrical influence on synaptic signaling
Schwann cells - ANSWERSMyelinate fibers of PNS (one at a time because entire cell is
wrapping around)
Questions with Accurate Answers
Endocrine system - ANSWERSHormones delivered to bloodstream
Nervous system - ANSWERSSense organs receive info, cns determines responses,
then issues commands to glands and muscles
CNS - ANSWERSBrain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings
Cell bodies- nucleus
Axons- tract
PNS - ANSWERSEverything other than brain and spinal cord
Cell bodies- ganglion
Axons- nerve
Sensory division of PNS - ANSWERSVisceral sensory and somatic sensory division
(receptors to CNS)
Motor division of PNS - ANSWERSSomatic motor- controls skeletal muscle. Visceral
motor (ANS)- regulates heart, smooth muscle, and glands. Divided into sympathetic
division (action) and parasympathetic division (digestion).
Sensory neurons - ANSWERSDetect changes in body and external environment then
info is transmitted into brain or spinal cord
Interneurons (association neurons) - ANSWERSBetween sensory and motor neurons,
90%of neurons, process, store and receive info
Motor neurons - ANSWERSSend signals out to muscles and gland cells
Effectors - ANSWERSMuscles that carry out responses for motor neurons
Properties of neurons - ANSWERSExcitability, conductivity, and secretion
Excitability - ANSWERSAbility to respond to changes in body and external environment
called stimuli
Conductivity - ANSWERSProduce traveling electrical signals
Secretion - ANSWERSWhen electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a chemical
neurotransmitter is secreted
, Structure of a neuron - ANSWERSCell body (soma)- all normal organelles including
nucleus and nucleolus, dendrites- receive signals, axon- nerve fiber arising from axon
hillock
Types of neurons - ANSWERSMultipolar, bipolar, unipolar, and anaxonic neuron
Multipolar neurons - ANSWERSMost common, many dendrites (one or more axons)
Bipolar neurons - ANSWERSOne dendrite/ one axon, used for olfactory, retina, and ear
Unipolar neurons - ANSWERSSensory from skin and organs to spinal cord (dorsal root
ganglion)
Anaxonic neuron - ANSWERSMany dendrites/ no axon, help in visual processes and
specialized
Axonal transport - ANSWERSMany (not all) proteins made in soma and must be
transported to axon and axon terminal
Fast anterograde - ANSWERSKinesin, moves up to 400 mm/day, moving organelles,
enzymes, vesicles and small molecules (active)
Fast retrograde - ANSWERSDynein, recycled materials and pathogens (active)
Slow axonal transport - ANSWERSAxoplasmic flow, moves cytoskeletal and new
axoplasm at 10 mm/day during repair and regeneration in damaged axons (passive)
Neuroglia cells - ANSWERSOligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes,
and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes - ANSWERSForm myelin sheets in CNS (can do multiple at a time).
Myelinatioj spirals inward with new layers pushed under the old ones
Ependymal cells - ANSWERSLine cavities (ventricles) and produced CSF
Microglia - ANSWERSMacrophages, formed from monocytes and in area of infection,
trauma or stroke (modified WBC)
Astrocytes - ANSWERSMost abundant glial cell. Forms framework of CNS. Regulates
composition of brain tissue fluid, secrets nerve growth factor promoting synapse
formation, and has electrical influence on synaptic signaling
Schwann cells - ANSWERSMyelinate fibers of PNS (one at a time because entire cell is
wrapping around)
