Penologie en penitentiair recht ..................................................................................................... 7
HOC 1: Wat is penologie? ................................................................................................................ 7
1. Wat is penologie? ..................................................................................................................... 7
2. Wat is penitentiair recht? .......................................................................................................... 7
3. Welke straffen? ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Strafrecht ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Strafwetboek 2024 (IWT: 8 april 2026) ................................................................................... 8
3.3 Cijfers ................................................................................................................................ 9
4. Definitie van een straf? ............................................................................................................10
4.1 Juridische definitie .............................................................................................................10
4.2 Empirische vaststellingen ...................................................................................................10
4.3 Discussies over definitie .....................................................................................................11
5. Een brede blik op bestraffing: ...................................................................................................11
5.1 Maatregelen, sancties, administratieve afhandelingen, … ....................................................11
5.2 Penaliteit ...........................................................................................................................12
6. Penologie als een multidisciplinaire wetenschap ......................................................................12
6.1 Multidisciplinariteit ............................................................................................................12
6.2 Op microniveau .................................................................................................................12
6.3 Op mesoniveau ..................................................................................................................13
6.4 Op macroniveau ................................................................................................................13
7. Een kritische penologie ............................................................................................................13
7.1 Onderbouwde analyses en kritieken ....................................................................................13
HOC 2: De doodstraf ......................................................................................................................14
1. Enkele belangrijke begrippen ...................................................................................................14
2. De doodstraf werelwijd ............................................................................................................14
3. De doodstraf in cijfers..............................................................................................................14
3.1 De doodstraf in Iran ............................................................................................................15
4. De doodstraf in Europa: Abolitionistische golf ...........................................................................16
5. Doodstraf in België: .................................................................................................................17
5.1 Cijfergegevens 18de eeuw:...................................................................................................17
5.2 De doodstraf in België na de onafhankelijkheid (1830) ..........................................................18
5.3 Blijvende discussie ............................................................................................................18
5.4 WOI ...................................................................................................................................19
5.5 WOII ..................................................................................................................................19
5.6 Doodstraf België ................................................................................................................19
5.7 Onderbelichte evoluties – De doodstraf buiten België: Kongo-Vrijstaat en Leopold II ..............20
5.8 Vervolg – De doodstraf in Belgisch-Kongo (na 1908) .............................................................20
5.9 Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog – Doodstraf in Belgisch-Kongo..................................................21
6. De doodstraf in De Verenigde Staten van Amerika .....................................................................22
6.1 De rol van het Amerikaanse hooggerechtshof ......................................................................22
7. Visies op de doodstraf .............................................................................................................23
HOC 3: Internering..........................................................................................................................24
1. Geschiedenis ..........................................................................................................................24
1.1 Voor 1930: geen internering ................................................................................................24
1.2 Zijsprong (nieuw strafwetboek: inwerkingtreding 8 april 2026) ...............................................24
1.3 Kritiek => Wet op bescherming van de maatschappij ............................................................24
1.4 Wet van 1930: ....................................................................................................................25
1
, 1.5 Kritiek op wet 1930: ............................................................................................................26
1.6 Reactie wet van 1964: ........................................................................................................26
1.7 Interneringswet 2007 ..........................................................................................................26
1.8 Veranderingen in de praktijk ...............................................................................................26
1.9 Internationale Kritiek op België nam toe ..............................................................................27
1.10 Periodiek bezoek CPT aan FPC gent: 27/3/2017 – 6/4/2017 .................................................27
1.11 CPT .................................................................................................................................27
1.12 Therapeutische vooruitgang ..............................................................................................28
2. Wet 5 mei 2014 betreffende de internering ................................................................................28
2.1 Doelstelling interneringsmaatregel: ....................................................................................28
2.2 Wanneer internering? .........................................................................................................29
2.3 Expertenverslag Art. 5: ........................................................................................................29
2.4 Uitvoering - zorglandschap .................................................................................................30
2.5 Na interneringsbeslissing: Kamer voor de Bescherming van de Maatschappij (KBM) bij de
STRAFUITVoERINGSRECHTBANK (SURB) ..................................................................................31
2.6 Internering voor veroordeelden: ..........................................................................................31
3. De praktijk ..............................................................................................................................32
3.1 Intra en extrapenitentiair ....................................................................................................32
3.2 Instroom neemt toe ............................................................................................................32
3.2 Blijvende problemen ..........................................................................................................32
4. Geïnterneerde personen zonder verblijfsrecht...........................................................................33
4.1 Geen verblijfsrecht .............................................................................................................33
4.2 VILO ..................................................................................................................................34
4.3 De jure en de facto Uitsluiting van andere modaliteiten in België ......................................34
5. Terbeschikkingstelling van de strafuitvoeringsrechtbank (TBS) ...................................................34
5.1 Cijfers: ..............................................................................................................................35
5.2 Uitvoering ..........................................................................................................................35
5.3 Nieuw strafwetboek ...........................................................................................................36
5.4 Quid beveiligingsperiode? ..................................................................................................36
HOC 4: Penologische doelstellingen, recidive en effectiviteit van straffen ..........................................36
1. Waarom straffen we? ..............................................................................................................36
1.1 Verschillende niveaus van doelstellingen ............................................................................36
1.2 Instrumentele doelstellingen ..............................................................................................37
1.2.1 Retributivisme .............................................................................................................37
1.2.2 Utilitarisme .................................................................................................................38
1.2.3 Recidive/effectiviteit ....................................................................................................41
1.2.4 Hertelbenadering .........................................................................................................41
1.2.5 Instrumentele doelstellingen ........................................................................................43
1.3 Nieuwe strafwetboek .........................................................................................................44
1.4 Intrinsieke doelstelling .......................................................................................................44
1.5 Organisationele doelstellingen ...........................................................................................45
1.6 Conflicterende doelstellingen .............................................................................................46
1.6 Conclusie ..........................................................................................................................47
HOC 5: Maatschappelijke benadering van bestraffing .......................................................................48
1. Deel 1: bestraffing als maatschappelijke keuze .........................................................................48
1.1 Detentieratio .....................................................................................................................48
Statistieken .........................................................................................................................48
Statistieken 2 .......................................................................................................................49
Lappi-Seppäla (2011) (niet in detail kennen maar goed lezen) .................................................50
2
, Nog een schema: .................................................................................................................58
1.2 Bestraffing als maatschappelijke constructie ......................................................................59
2. Deel 2: Maatschappelijke aspecten van penaliteit .....................................................................59
2.1 David Garland (1990) ..........................................................................................................59
2.2 Penaliteit ...........................................................................................................................60
2.3 Durkheims expressief perspectief (1858-1917) ....................................................................60
2.4 Marxistisch sociaal-economisch perspectief (1818-1883) ....................................................61
2.5 Angela Davis link met rassenstrijd .......................................................................................62
2.6 Loïc Wacquant link met rassenstrijd....................................................................................62
2.7 Webers rationaliseringsperspectief (1864-1920) ..................................................................63
2.8 Beheersen van risico’s .......................................................................................................63
2.9 Maatschappelijke en politieke impact van risicodenken .......................................................64
2.10 Foucaults disciplineringsperspectief .................................................................................64
2.11 Elias’ CivilIsatieperspectief (1897-1990) ............................................................................64
HOC 6: Belgisch Penitentiaire Beleid ...............................................................................................65
1. Waar het begon .......................................................................................................................65
1.1 voor 1830 ..........................................................................................................................65
1.3 Vanaf 1830 ........................................................................................................................66
1.4 Gevangenissen België ........................................................................................................67
1.4.1 Antwerpen...................................................................................................................67
1.4.2 Gent ...........................................................................................................................67
1.4.3 Mechelen ....................................................................................................................67
1.4.4 Namur ........................................................................................................................67
1.4.5 Mons...........................................................................................................................67
1.4.6 Sint-Gillis (Brussel) ......................................................................................................67
1.4.7 Dinant .........................................................................................................................68
1.5 Cellulair systeem vanaf 1830 ..............................................................................................68
2. Het interbellum .......................................................................................................................68
2.1 Interbellum : Opkomst positivisme......................................................................................68
2.3 Interbellum ........................................................................................................................69
2.3.1 Merksplas (‘landloperskolonie’) (1825) .............................................................................69
2.3.2 Wortel ............................................................................................................................69
2.3.3 Ruislede .........................................................................................................................69
3. Na WOII ..................................................................................................................................70
3.1 Na WO II : opkomst gemeenschapsregime ..........................................................................70
3.2 Na WO II ............................................................................................................................70
3.2.1 Open gevangenis Hoogstraten .........................................................................................71
3.2.2 Open gevangenis Saint Hubert .........................................................................................71
3.3 Na WO II ............................................................................................................................71
HOC 7: Gevangenisbevolking ..........................................................................................................72
4. Vanaf 1980 - heden ..................................................................................................................72
4.1 Gevangenisoverbevolking ...................................................................................................72
4.2 Overbevolking: jaren 80 ......................................................................................................72
4.3 Overbevolking: jaren 90 ......................................................................................................73
4.4 Expansionisme ..................................................................................................................73
4.5 Expansionisme – Reactie: De Huizen ...................................................................................75
4.5 Vier transitiehuizen ............................................................................................................75
4.6 Expansionisme – Huren van gevangeniscapaciteit ...............................................................76
4.7 Aandacht voor specifieke categorieën gedetineerden ..........................................................77
3
, 4.7 Tussen expansionisme en reductionisme ............................................................................78
4.8 Reductionisme ..................................................................................................................78
4.9 Beleid(sopties) – Regeerakkoord 2014 (Regering Michel I) .....................................................79
4.10 Beleid(sopties) – Justitieplan Geens (2015) ........................................................................81
4.11 Conclusie – Minister Geens ..............................................................................................82
4.12 Beleid(sopties) – Plannen Vivaldi-regering (oktober 2020) ...................................................83
4.13 Beleid(sopties) – Van Quickenborne (2021) ........................................................................83
4.14 Gevangenisdorp Haren – kernpunten volgens Kristel Beyens ..............................................84
4.15 Beleid(sopties) – Van Quickenborne (2021) ........................................................................85
4.16 Arizonacoalitie (2025) .......................................................................................................86
Beleidsverklaring Annelies Verlinden – 13 maart 2025 ............................................................86
Beleidsverklaring – Minister Annelies Verlinden (13 maart 2025) Vervolg .................................87
Beleidsverklaring – Minister Annelies Verlinden (13 maart 2025) Vervolg .................................87
4.17 Overbevolking als humanitaire crisis .................................................................................88
5. Wat zeggen de cijfers? .............................................................................................................89
5.1 Evolutie van de gevangenisbevolking ...................................................................................90
5.2 Hoe de evolutie van de gevangenispopulatie bestuderen? ....................................................91
5.3 Constructie van de gevangenispopulatie .............................................................................92
5.4 1980- vandaag ...................................................................................................................92
5.5 Evoluties bij veroordeelden in België ...................................................................................94
5.6 Stijgend aantal beklaagden .................................................................................................94
5.7 Personen in detentie – nationaliteit en verblijfsrecht ............................................................94
5.8 Een aantal bijzondere problematieken ................................................................................96
Suïcide in de Belgische gevangenissen (2000–2016)...............................................................96
Vervolg ................................................................................................................................97
5.9 Hoeveel kost het om mensen op te sluiten? .........................................................................98
6. Studenten kunnen na deze les:.................................................................................................98
HOC 8: Europese detentiestandaarden en monitoring ......................................................................99
1. De Raad van Europa ................................................................................................................99
2. Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens .......................................................................99
2.1 EVRM: Art 3 ........................................................................................................................99
2.2 Evolutie interpretatie art. 3 ............................................................................................... 100
2.3 EVRM en EHRM ................................................................................................................ 100
2.4 Voorbeeld rechtstreekse werking: Onderzoek op het lichaam ............................................. 100
3. Wetten en praktijken ............................................................................................................. 100
3.1 EHRM .............................................................................................................................. 101
3.2 EHRM: gevolgen veroordeling ........................................................................................... 102
4. Internering - EHRM ................................................................................................................ 102
5. Europees verdrag ter preventie van foltering en onmenselijke of vernederende behandeling of
bestraffing (1987) ...................................................................................................................... 106
5.1 Verdrag ........................................................................................................................... 106
5.2 CPT & EHRM .................................................................................................................... 106
6. Samenspel EHRM - CPT ......................................................................................................... 109
7. European Prison Rules ........................................................................................................... 111
HOC 9: Detentiebeleving en leefklimaat ......................................................................................... 113
1. Een blik achter de muren ....................................................................................................... 113
1.1 Penal Subjectivists <-> Penal Objectivists (Hayes, 2018) .................................................... 113
2. Deprivatie & Importatie .......................................................................................................... 114
2.1 Gevangenissociologie als kader voor detentie-ervaringen ................................................... 114
4
HOC 1: Wat is penologie? ................................................................................................................ 7
1. Wat is penologie? ..................................................................................................................... 7
2. Wat is penitentiair recht? .......................................................................................................... 7
3. Welke straffen? ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Strafrecht ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Strafwetboek 2024 (IWT: 8 april 2026) ................................................................................... 8
3.3 Cijfers ................................................................................................................................ 9
4. Definitie van een straf? ............................................................................................................10
4.1 Juridische definitie .............................................................................................................10
4.2 Empirische vaststellingen ...................................................................................................10
4.3 Discussies over definitie .....................................................................................................11
5. Een brede blik op bestraffing: ...................................................................................................11
5.1 Maatregelen, sancties, administratieve afhandelingen, … ....................................................11
5.2 Penaliteit ...........................................................................................................................12
6. Penologie als een multidisciplinaire wetenschap ......................................................................12
6.1 Multidisciplinariteit ............................................................................................................12
6.2 Op microniveau .................................................................................................................12
6.3 Op mesoniveau ..................................................................................................................13
6.4 Op macroniveau ................................................................................................................13
7. Een kritische penologie ............................................................................................................13
7.1 Onderbouwde analyses en kritieken ....................................................................................13
HOC 2: De doodstraf ......................................................................................................................14
1. Enkele belangrijke begrippen ...................................................................................................14
2. De doodstraf werelwijd ............................................................................................................14
3. De doodstraf in cijfers..............................................................................................................14
3.1 De doodstraf in Iran ............................................................................................................15
4. De doodstraf in Europa: Abolitionistische golf ...........................................................................16
5. Doodstraf in België: .................................................................................................................17
5.1 Cijfergegevens 18de eeuw:...................................................................................................17
5.2 De doodstraf in België na de onafhankelijkheid (1830) ..........................................................18
5.3 Blijvende discussie ............................................................................................................18
5.4 WOI ...................................................................................................................................19
5.5 WOII ..................................................................................................................................19
5.6 Doodstraf België ................................................................................................................19
5.7 Onderbelichte evoluties – De doodstraf buiten België: Kongo-Vrijstaat en Leopold II ..............20
5.8 Vervolg – De doodstraf in Belgisch-Kongo (na 1908) .............................................................20
5.9 Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog – Doodstraf in Belgisch-Kongo..................................................21
6. De doodstraf in De Verenigde Staten van Amerika .....................................................................22
6.1 De rol van het Amerikaanse hooggerechtshof ......................................................................22
7. Visies op de doodstraf .............................................................................................................23
HOC 3: Internering..........................................................................................................................24
1. Geschiedenis ..........................................................................................................................24
1.1 Voor 1930: geen internering ................................................................................................24
1.2 Zijsprong (nieuw strafwetboek: inwerkingtreding 8 april 2026) ...............................................24
1.3 Kritiek => Wet op bescherming van de maatschappij ............................................................24
1.4 Wet van 1930: ....................................................................................................................25
1
, 1.5 Kritiek op wet 1930: ............................................................................................................26
1.6 Reactie wet van 1964: ........................................................................................................26
1.7 Interneringswet 2007 ..........................................................................................................26
1.8 Veranderingen in de praktijk ...............................................................................................26
1.9 Internationale Kritiek op België nam toe ..............................................................................27
1.10 Periodiek bezoek CPT aan FPC gent: 27/3/2017 – 6/4/2017 .................................................27
1.11 CPT .................................................................................................................................27
1.12 Therapeutische vooruitgang ..............................................................................................28
2. Wet 5 mei 2014 betreffende de internering ................................................................................28
2.1 Doelstelling interneringsmaatregel: ....................................................................................28
2.2 Wanneer internering? .........................................................................................................29
2.3 Expertenverslag Art. 5: ........................................................................................................29
2.4 Uitvoering - zorglandschap .................................................................................................30
2.5 Na interneringsbeslissing: Kamer voor de Bescherming van de Maatschappij (KBM) bij de
STRAFUITVoERINGSRECHTBANK (SURB) ..................................................................................31
2.6 Internering voor veroordeelden: ..........................................................................................31
3. De praktijk ..............................................................................................................................32
3.1 Intra en extrapenitentiair ....................................................................................................32
3.2 Instroom neemt toe ............................................................................................................32
3.2 Blijvende problemen ..........................................................................................................32
4. Geïnterneerde personen zonder verblijfsrecht...........................................................................33
4.1 Geen verblijfsrecht .............................................................................................................33
4.2 VILO ..................................................................................................................................34
4.3 De jure en de facto Uitsluiting van andere modaliteiten in België ......................................34
5. Terbeschikkingstelling van de strafuitvoeringsrechtbank (TBS) ...................................................34
5.1 Cijfers: ..............................................................................................................................35
5.2 Uitvoering ..........................................................................................................................35
5.3 Nieuw strafwetboek ...........................................................................................................36
5.4 Quid beveiligingsperiode? ..................................................................................................36
HOC 4: Penologische doelstellingen, recidive en effectiviteit van straffen ..........................................36
1. Waarom straffen we? ..............................................................................................................36
1.1 Verschillende niveaus van doelstellingen ............................................................................36
1.2 Instrumentele doelstellingen ..............................................................................................37
1.2.1 Retributivisme .............................................................................................................37
1.2.2 Utilitarisme .................................................................................................................38
1.2.3 Recidive/effectiviteit ....................................................................................................41
1.2.4 Hertelbenadering .........................................................................................................41
1.2.5 Instrumentele doelstellingen ........................................................................................43
1.3 Nieuwe strafwetboek .........................................................................................................44
1.4 Intrinsieke doelstelling .......................................................................................................44
1.5 Organisationele doelstellingen ...........................................................................................45
1.6 Conflicterende doelstellingen .............................................................................................46
1.6 Conclusie ..........................................................................................................................47
HOC 5: Maatschappelijke benadering van bestraffing .......................................................................48
1. Deel 1: bestraffing als maatschappelijke keuze .........................................................................48
1.1 Detentieratio .....................................................................................................................48
Statistieken .........................................................................................................................48
Statistieken 2 .......................................................................................................................49
Lappi-Seppäla (2011) (niet in detail kennen maar goed lezen) .................................................50
2
, Nog een schema: .................................................................................................................58
1.2 Bestraffing als maatschappelijke constructie ......................................................................59
2. Deel 2: Maatschappelijke aspecten van penaliteit .....................................................................59
2.1 David Garland (1990) ..........................................................................................................59
2.2 Penaliteit ...........................................................................................................................60
2.3 Durkheims expressief perspectief (1858-1917) ....................................................................60
2.4 Marxistisch sociaal-economisch perspectief (1818-1883) ....................................................61
2.5 Angela Davis link met rassenstrijd .......................................................................................62
2.6 Loïc Wacquant link met rassenstrijd....................................................................................62
2.7 Webers rationaliseringsperspectief (1864-1920) ..................................................................63
2.8 Beheersen van risico’s .......................................................................................................63
2.9 Maatschappelijke en politieke impact van risicodenken .......................................................64
2.10 Foucaults disciplineringsperspectief .................................................................................64
2.11 Elias’ CivilIsatieperspectief (1897-1990) ............................................................................64
HOC 6: Belgisch Penitentiaire Beleid ...............................................................................................65
1. Waar het begon .......................................................................................................................65
1.1 voor 1830 ..........................................................................................................................65
1.3 Vanaf 1830 ........................................................................................................................66
1.4 Gevangenissen België ........................................................................................................67
1.4.1 Antwerpen...................................................................................................................67
1.4.2 Gent ...........................................................................................................................67
1.4.3 Mechelen ....................................................................................................................67
1.4.4 Namur ........................................................................................................................67
1.4.5 Mons...........................................................................................................................67
1.4.6 Sint-Gillis (Brussel) ......................................................................................................67
1.4.7 Dinant .........................................................................................................................68
1.5 Cellulair systeem vanaf 1830 ..............................................................................................68
2. Het interbellum .......................................................................................................................68
2.1 Interbellum : Opkomst positivisme......................................................................................68
2.3 Interbellum ........................................................................................................................69
2.3.1 Merksplas (‘landloperskolonie’) (1825) .............................................................................69
2.3.2 Wortel ............................................................................................................................69
2.3.3 Ruislede .........................................................................................................................69
3. Na WOII ..................................................................................................................................70
3.1 Na WO II : opkomst gemeenschapsregime ..........................................................................70
3.2 Na WO II ............................................................................................................................70
3.2.1 Open gevangenis Hoogstraten .........................................................................................71
3.2.2 Open gevangenis Saint Hubert .........................................................................................71
3.3 Na WO II ............................................................................................................................71
HOC 7: Gevangenisbevolking ..........................................................................................................72
4. Vanaf 1980 - heden ..................................................................................................................72
4.1 Gevangenisoverbevolking ...................................................................................................72
4.2 Overbevolking: jaren 80 ......................................................................................................72
4.3 Overbevolking: jaren 90 ......................................................................................................73
4.4 Expansionisme ..................................................................................................................73
4.5 Expansionisme – Reactie: De Huizen ...................................................................................75
4.5 Vier transitiehuizen ............................................................................................................75
4.6 Expansionisme – Huren van gevangeniscapaciteit ...............................................................76
4.7 Aandacht voor specifieke categorieën gedetineerden ..........................................................77
3
, 4.7 Tussen expansionisme en reductionisme ............................................................................78
4.8 Reductionisme ..................................................................................................................78
4.9 Beleid(sopties) – Regeerakkoord 2014 (Regering Michel I) .....................................................79
4.10 Beleid(sopties) – Justitieplan Geens (2015) ........................................................................81
4.11 Conclusie – Minister Geens ..............................................................................................82
4.12 Beleid(sopties) – Plannen Vivaldi-regering (oktober 2020) ...................................................83
4.13 Beleid(sopties) – Van Quickenborne (2021) ........................................................................83
4.14 Gevangenisdorp Haren – kernpunten volgens Kristel Beyens ..............................................84
4.15 Beleid(sopties) – Van Quickenborne (2021) ........................................................................85
4.16 Arizonacoalitie (2025) .......................................................................................................86
Beleidsverklaring Annelies Verlinden – 13 maart 2025 ............................................................86
Beleidsverklaring – Minister Annelies Verlinden (13 maart 2025) Vervolg .................................87
Beleidsverklaring – Minister Annelies Verlinden (13 maart 2025) Vervolg .................................87
4.17 Overbevolking als humanitaire crisis .................................................................................88
5. Wat zeggen de cijfers? .............................................................................................................89
5.1 Evolutie van de gevangenisbevolking ...................................................................................90
5.2 Hoe de evolutie van de gevangenispopulatie bestuderen? ....................................................91
5.3 Constructie van de gevangenispopulatie .............................................................................92
5.4 1980- vandaag ...................................................................................................................92
5.5 Evoluties bij veroordeelden in België ...................................................................................94
5.6 Stijgend aantal beklaagden .................................................................................................94
5.7 Personen in detentie – nationaliteit en verblijfsrecht ............................................................94
5.8 Een aantal bijzondere problematieken ................................................................................96
Suïcide in de Belgische gevangenissen (2000–2016)...............................................................96
Vervolg ................................................................................................................................97
5.9 Hoeveel kost het om mensen op te sluiten? .........................................................................98
6. Studenten kunnen na deze les:.................................................................................................98
HOC 8: Europese detentiestandaarden en monitoring ......................................................................99
1. De Raad van Europa ................................................................................................................99
2. Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens .......................................................................99
2.1 EVRM: Art 3 ........................................................................................................................99
2.2 Evolutie interpretatie art. 3 ............................................................................................... 100
2.3 EVRM en EHRM ................................................................................................................ 100
2.4 Voorbeeld rechtstreekse werking: Onderzoek op het lichaam ............................................. 100
3. Wetten en praktijken ............................................................................................................. 100
3.1 EHRM .............................................................................................................................. 101
3.2 EHRM: gevolgen veroordeling ........................................................................................... 102
4. Internering - EHRM ................................................................................................................ 102
5. Europees verdrag ter preventie van foltering en onmenselijke of vernederende behandeling of
bestraffing (1987) ...................................................................................................................... 106
5.1 Verdrag ........................................................................................................................... 106
5.2 CPT & EHRM .................................................................................................................... 106
6. Samenspel EHRM - CPT ......................................................................................................... 109
7. European Prison Rules ........................................................................................................... 111
HOC 9: Detentiebeleving en leefklimaat ......................................................................................... 113
1. Een blik achter de muren ....................................................................................................... 113
1.1 Penal Subjectivists <-> Penal Objectivists (Hayes, 2018) .................................................... 113
2. Deprivatie & Importatie .......................................................................................................... 114
2.1 Gevangenissociologie als kader voor detentie-ervaringen ................................................... 114
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