Introduction to Biology, Biology 1 and Biology 2 2

This is the process that involves the communication that happens within cells in which one cell produces an extracellular mediator that is require to bind with a receptors on the same cell to initiate signal transduction. Autocrine signaling is a type of cell communication that occurs when a cell se...

According to the new Science of Metagenomics: revealing the secrets of our microbial planets (2007) metagenomics is defined as the study of the structure and function of entire nucleotide sequences isolated and analyzed from every other organism in a bulk sample. Metagenomics can mainly be used to ...

Across 1. protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions 6. component of fat molecule 8. acidic group in amino acids 9. monosaccharide commonly found in fruit 11. fatty acid with hydrogens in different planes 12. monomer subunit of protein 14. major constituent of plasma membrane 1...

Matter is any substance that occupies space Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Since it involves cell let know first what a cell is. A cell can be referred to as a basic building blocks or living things. There are trillions of cells in human body each carrying out it specific functions. They also come together to form organs which as well has specialized functions. It does not...

I would like to relate this week assignments to cheese making which basically involves the use of pasteurized or raw milk to make cheese. Cheese making lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures from which the derived their energy from lactulose (got from milk products). The lactic acid derived helps to br...

One of the examples of carbohydrate polymer is starch and it monomer subunits is glucose (monosaccharide) with a formula of (C6H10O5) n+ (H2O). The molecules are bonded by alpha linkages. Starch is composed of two different types of polymers in itself-amylose (15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%). It is...

In short it simply means protein synthesis which includes and happens in cells of all living organism. To start with the derivation of protein from the cell hence DNA comprises of two processes or stages. These processes are transcription and translation. Transcription in a typical eukaryotic cell o...

The chromosome is an organelle of a cell which harbors genetic materials that is passed from one individual to the other. So the whole idea of the chromosomes containing genetic materials brings about the chromosome theory of inheritance which was experimented by Thomas Hunt Morgan. He uses the Dros...

As understood from the introduction in the learning guide about cell communication and reproduction it becomes clear that Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) includes a scientific process that involves the use of sophisticated technology to transplant the nuclei which contain genetic material from ...

My current diet as a Sierra Leonean with rice being our staple food comprises of over 50% of carbohydrates , 20% proteins( mostly fish, beans, groundnuts) , 10 fats and oil( from plant source), 10% vegetables( garden eggs, green leaves) , 5% fruits( oranges, mangoes , lime) and 5% vitamins and miner...

The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves, Joshua trees produce seeds from which Joshua tree seedlings emerge, and adul...

Viewed from space, Earth offers no clues about the diversity of life forms that reside there. The first forms of life on Earth are thought to have been microorganisms that existed for billions of years in the ocean before plants and animals appeared. The mammals, birds, and flowers so familiar to ...

According to Kaiser(2022) horizontal gene transfer (a.k.a lateral gene transfer) includes the process by which genetic materials are transfer from one organism to another different organism not from its offspring. Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms that resides in and out or other orga...

Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) is a commonly used buffer for experiments in biology because its pH and ion concentrations are similar to those in mammalian organisms. It works in a similar fashion to the blood plasma buffer mentioned in the textbook, but using dihydrogen phosphate ions and hydrogen...

Preparation of the correct buffer is key to any good biological experiment and it is important that you understand how to calculate the mass of each chemical required to make that buffer and what the resulting concentration of those constituents will be in moles per litre.

Benefit: Teak is a tall tree that grows in tropical regions and has a dense, hard wood that is resistant to rot, insects, and weathering. Moreover, teak trees produce natural oils that protect them from fungal and bacterial infections. Human Use: Teak wood is highly valued in the furniture industry...

One example of a homeostatic system in animals is the regulation of water and electrolyte balance by the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the appropriate levels of water, ions, and other substances in the body fluids (Molnar, 2015b). The kidneys work by filtering waste produc...

One specific ecosystem where human intervention has significantly altered it is the Amazon rainforest. Before human intervention, the Amazon rainforest was a vast, biodiverse tropical forest covering approximately 5.5 million square kilometers across South America (Rainforest Foundation US, 2023). I...

The touch reaction in Mimosa pudica plants, often known as the "sensitive touch response," is one of the most remarkable instances of how plants have evolved different systems to respond to environmental stimuli. When the leaves of a Mimosa pudica plant are touched or disturbed, they fold inward a...

Reproduction is the process by which organisms create offspring, and it is essential for the continuation of a species. Reproduction can be achieved through two methods, sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, while asexual reproductio...

Reproduction is the process by which organisms create offspring, and it is essential for the continuation of a species. Reproduction can be achieved through two methods, sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, while asexual reproductio...

The gametophyte stage is dominant in bryophytes. This means that the gametophyte, which produces gametes, is the larger and more recognizable stage of the life cycle, while the sporophyte, which produces spores, is smaller and less visible (Rye at el., 2016). Mosses are usually restricted to moist ...

Individual Species Count is the percentage of each species, measured in amount that was caught in the net. For instance, in a sample of 500 seconds, I was able to catch 9 blackflies, 4 midges, 7 leeches, 15 lung snails, and so on.

Transpiration is the process through which water is transported from the roots of plants to the leaves and then released into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor. This process is critical for the survival of plants because it facilitates the movement of nutrients and minerals throughout the pl...

In order to live and generate more offspring, species must better adapt to their environment. Charles Darwin is credited with developing this hypothesis, which claims to be the main mechanism by which evolution takes place. According to this hypothesis, each generation produces more offspring than m...

We have found that even the simplest species are very complicated. An organ system is a group of anatomical structures that work together to fulfill a certain function; an organ is a functional unit made up of various types of tissues. To compare the digestive systems of humans (Homo sapiens) and ...

According to Rye at al. (2016), the animal kingdom is divided into nine major phyla: Cnidaria, Mollusca, Porifera, Chordata, Platyhelminthes, Arthropoda, Nematoda, Annelida, and Echinodermata. Each of these phyla contains millions of organisms that live throughout the world and vary in terms of colo...

The endosymbiotic concept, however, only applies to the chloroplast and mitochondria. According to this theory, an autotrophic bacterium was ingested by a primitive eukaryotic cell through phagocytosis. The host eukaryotic cell then gave the bacteria a comfortable place to live, and both the entitie...

When it comes to similarities, both are disease-causing organelles, both can evolve, and both can multiply. However, the bacteria can multiply on their own whereas the viruses require a living host cell, indicating that they are alive (Rye et al, 2016). Their variations include; Prokaryotes know...

The article Hepatitis C: from Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis to a Cure was quite interesting. To sum up, the article's major objective was to inform readers about the background of how researchers looked into the mysterious chemical that causes non-A and non-B hepatitis while Developing a treatment at the ...