MEMORY
, MULTI-STORE MODEL
Atkinson and Shiffrin
REHEARSAL
ATTENTION
Environmental input → sensory register STM LTM
REHEARSAL RETREIVAL
LOOP
RECALL
Sensory Register STM LTM
Capacity Unlimited 7+-2 Unlimited
Duration ¼ - 4 seconds 18seconds Unlimited
Coding None (raw) Acoustic Semantic
Sperling – capacity of sensory register
- Showed participants an array of 12 letters for 50milliseconds
- Had to recall the row that corresponded to a tone
- Participants recalled 100% correctly until a delay of ¼ - 4 seconds
- Capacity is unlimited and duration was short
Jacobs – capacity of STM
- 443 participants read digits/words and then recalled them with the number of
digits/words increasing each time
- Average was between 5-9 digits (7+-2) – magic number 7
- Varied depending on the type of information
Peterson and Peterson – duration of STM
- 24 participants in 8 trials
- A trigram followed by a distractor task (counting back in 3s) to prevent
rehearsal
- Trial increased from 3-24 seconds
- Duration of STM is 18seconds
Bahrick – duration of LTM
- 392 participants took part in two tasks – photo recognition test from yearbooks
and then recalled the names of others in their graduating class
- 15years after, recognition was 90% and recall was 60%
- 48years after, recognition was 78% and recall was 30%
Baddeley – coding of STM and LTM
- 20 participants shown four lists – 1 was acoustically similar, 2 was acoustically
dissimilar, 3 was semantically similar, 4 was semantically dissimilar
- Recalled them straight away and 20 minutes after
- STM – information is coded acoustically; similar sounding get confused
- LTM – information is coded semantically; similar meaning get confused
, MULTI-STORE MODEL
Atkinson and Shiffrin
REHEARSAL
ATTENTION
Environmental input → sensory register STM LTM
REHEARSAL RETREIVAL
LOOP
RECALL
Sensory Register STM LTM
Capacity Unlimited 7+-2 Unlimited
Duration ¼ - 4 seconds 18seconds Unlimited
Coding None (raw) Acoustic Semantic
Sperling – capacity of sensory register
- Showed participants an array of 12 letters for 50milliseconds
- Had to recall the row that corresponded to a tone
- Participants recalled 100% correctly until a delay of ¼ - 4 seconds
- Capacity is unlimited and duration was short
Jacobs – capacity of STM
- 443 participants read digits/words and then recalled them with the number of
digits/words increasing each time
- Average was between 5-9 digits (7+-2) – magic number 7
- Varied depending on the type of information
Peterson and Peterson – duration of STM
- 24 participants in 8 trials
- A trigram followed by a distractor task (counting back in 3s) to prevent
rehearsal
- Trial increased from 3-24 seconds
- Duration of STM is 18seconds
Bahrick – duration of LTM
- 392 participants took part in two tasks – photo recognition test from yearbooks
and then recalled the names of others in their graduating class
- 15years after, recognition was 90% and recall was 60%
- 48years after, recognition was 78% and recall was 30%
Baddeley – coding of STM and LTM
- 20 participants shown four lists – 1 was acoustically similar, 2 was acoustically
dissimilar, 3 was semantically similar, 4 was semantically dissimilar
- Recalled them straight away and 20 minutes after
- STM – information is coded acoustically; similar sounding get confused
- LTM – information is coded semantically; similar meaning get confused
