arboxylic acids and derivatives
carboxylicacids have the carboxylC Coon functionalgroupwhich contains both
carbonylgroup and hydroxylgroup O H
ac o
namingcarboxylic acids
carbon on the carbonylgroup is always carbon 1
name by finding longest carbon chain and adding oicacid on the end
carboxyl group will always be at the end of the molecule
e g ca É ÉE CI 4 chloro 3 hydroxybutanoicacid
i g p
weak acids that react with carbonates to formcarbondioxide water salt
weak acid dissociates partially to form Htion and a carboxylateion
O
at
equilibrium lies to left as it dissociatespoorly
r c r c
zchzcooncaqstnazcoz.is YItjdotoiYancaqithzoentcozcg
CHzCOOHCag NaHC03 s CHzCOONa cag t H2O i CO2 g
esterification formation of esters in
carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol presence ofsulfuricacidcatalyst
R C Ht Ryo
R C t H
p lo H
arboxylic acid t alcohol I ester t water
R c
R C t R C
Rio
R
If
Cidanhydride alcohol ester carboxylic acid
p
namingesters first bitnamedfrom alcohol and secondnamed fromcarboxylic al
e'd H
É y
ethyl 2 methylpropanoate
uses of esters
perfumes and foodcolourings some esters have sweet smells
solvents esters are polar so other polar compounds will dissolvereadi
esters also have low boilingpoints and evaporate easily valuable in gives
plasticis ers esters used to make plastics more flexibleduring
Olymerisation can teach out of plastic over time plasticdoesbecome brittle
ester hydrolysis ester split using water
can be spedup using an acid or base
acidhydrolysis use a diluteacid sulfuric orhydrochloricacid under re flu
additionof more
H ÉÉ water shifts
effin y on h of
off th o
more productproduce
ÉÉ H equilibriumright
base hydrolysis use a dilutebase sodiumhydroxide under reflux
H
I É I it t o n H É of th o t
fats and oils
when we react glycerol alcohol and fatty acids carboxylicacid weproduce
n ester which makes fats and oils
glycerol propan 1,2 3 triol is reactedwithlongfattyacids saturated or
L Ld
, nsaturated transisomer
saturated H it ester fatester
1 t
unsaturated
Yo
on
If
vegetable oils have unsaturatedhydrocarbonchainsthat are not straight
gp.me
ygIg g
hich means the chains can't packtogethercloselyandhencehave lower van de
aals forces thansaturated have lower meltingpoints liquidat room temp
animal fats have saturated hydrocarbon chains that are straightand
ore uniform than oils which means the chainscanpacktogethercloselyand hav
Uchhigher van der waals forces havehighermeltingpoints solids at roomtem
Soap
animal fats andvegetableoils hydrolysed byheating with NaOH formssoa
want si iiiiiiioiinia't
biodiesel
vegetable oils reacted with methanoland KOH catalyst produces
biodiesel
a mixtureoffattyacidsmadefrommethyl esters can be madefromrapseedoil
I again answer
methyl ester
type of fuel used to power cars
a
acyl acid chloride
have acylfunctionalgroup cool
naming acyl chlorides
carbon on the acyl group is alwayscarbonated
name by finding longest carbon chain and ing oylchlorideon the end
acylgroup will always be at the end of the molecule
e
no
I If c 3,4 dihydroxy 2 methylbutanoylchloride
reaction with water producescarboxylicacids HCl
e d
m
I It
azo off H of very exothermic
t Hel
ethanoicadidwhitemistyfumesofhydrogenchloridegas
ethanoyl chloride
reaction with ammonia producesamides HCl jjjÉÉ
than oyl chloride
yip
ethanamiae
white
mistyefintheseromsingbastighentiintorrigtgia
reaction with produces esters H
ES vigorous reaction
exothefiniestitution reactio
H
ÉE CH304 H CI c very
cuz Ignitemistyfumesofhydrogenchloridgea
hanoylchloride methyl ethanoate
reaction with primary amines produces N substitutedamide HCl
vigorous reaction substitution reactio
than
H
I It
cuzNitz
oylchloride
ti
I II
east
HCl
ethanamide
nmethyl
very exothermic
white Mistyfumesofhydrogenchloride gas
carboxylicacids have the carboxylC Coon functionalgroupwhich contains both
carbonylgroup and hydroxylgroup O H
ac o
namingcarboxylic acids
carbon on the carbonylgroup is always carbon 1
name by finding longest carbon chain and adding oicacid on the end
carboxyl group will always be at the end of the molecule
e g ca É ÉE CI 4 chloro 3 hydroxybutanoicacid
i g p
weak acids that react with carbonates to formcarbondioxide water salt
weak acid dissociates partially to form Htion and a carboxylateion
O
at
equilibrium lies to left as it dissociatespoorly
r c r c
zchzcooncaqstnazcoz.is YItjdotoiYancaqithzoentcozcg
CHzCOOHCag NaHC03 s CHzCOONa cag t H2O i CO2 g
esterification formation of esters in
carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol presence ofsulfuricacidcatalyst
R C Ht Ryo
R C t H
p lo H
arboxylic acid t alcohol I ester t water
R c
R C t R C
Rio
R
If
Cidanhydride alcohol ester carboxylic acid
p
namingesters first bitnamedfrom alcohol and secondnamed fromcarboxylic al
e'd H
É y
ethyl 2 methylpropanoate
uses of esters
perfumes and foodcolourings some esters have sweet smells
solvents esters are polar so other polar compounds will dissolvereadi
esters also have low boilingpoints and evaporate easily valuable in gives
plasticis ers esters used to make plastics more flexibleduring
Olymerisation can teach out of plastic over time plasticdoesbecome brittle
ester hydrolysis ester split using water
can be spedup using an acid or base
acidhydrolysis use a diluteacid sulfuric orhydrochloricacid under re flu
additionof more
H ÉÉ water shifts
effin y on h of
off th o
more productproduce
ÉÉ H equilibriumright
base hydrolysis use a dilutebase sodiumhydroxide under reflux
H
I É I it t o n H É of th o t
fats and oils
when we react glycerol alcohol and fatty acids carboxylicacid weproduce
n ester which makes fats and oils
glycerol propan 1,2 3 triol is reactedwithlongfattyacids saturated or
L Ld
, nsaturated transisomer
saturated H it ester fatester
1 t
unsaturated
Yo
on
If
vegetable oils have unsaturatedhydrocarbonchainsthat are not straight
gp.me
ygIg g
hich means the chains can't packtogethercloselyandhencehave lower van de
aals forces thansaturated have lower meltingpoints liquidat room temp
animal fats have saturated hydrocarbon chains that are straightand
ore uniform than oils which means the chainscanpacktogethercloselyand hav
Uchhigher van der waals forces havehighermeltingpoints solids at roomtem
Soap
animal fats andvegetableoils hydrolysed byheating with NaOH formssoa
want si iiiiiiioiinia't
biodiesel
vegetable oils reacted with methanoland KOH catalyst produces
biodiesel
a mixtureoffattyacidsmadefrommethyl esters can be madefromrapseedoil
I again answer
methyl ester
type of fuel used to power cars
a
acyl acid chloride
have acylfunctionalgroup cool
naming acyl chlorides
carbon on the acyl group is alwayscarbonated
name by finding longest carbon chain and ing oylchlorideon the end
acylgroup will always be at the end of the molecule
e
no
I If c 3,4 dihydroxy 2 methylbutanoylchloride
reaction with water producescarboxylicacids HCl
e d
m
I It
azo off H of very exothermic
t Hel
ethanoicadidwhitemistyfumesofhydrogenchloridegas
ethanoyl chloride
reaction with ammonia producesamides HCl jjjÉÉ
than oyl chloride
yip
ethanamiae
white
mistyefintheseromsingbastighentiintorrigtgia
reaction with produces esters H
ES vigorous reaction
exothefiniestitution reactio
H
ÉE CH304 H CI c very
cuz Ignitemistyfumesofhydrogenchloridgea
hanoylchloride methyl ethanoate
reaction with primary amines produces N substitutedamide HCl
vigorous reaction substitution reactio
than
H
I It
cuzNitz
oylchloride
ti
I II
east
HCl
ethanamide
nmethyl
very exothermic
white Mistyfumesofhydrogenchloride gas
