CODING, CAPACITY & DURATION
Baddeley: participants struggled to remember acoustically similar words in
STM
Jacobs: Digit Span Technique, recall sequence of numbers (number of
numbers increases) until they can no longer be recalled - mean span for
digits was 9.3 and 7.3 for letters
Miller: conducted meta-analysis on all digit span research, concluded
capacity of STM was 7±2, also conducted chunking research and found
that 7±2 may apply to this too
Peterson & Peterson: students given a trigram to remember and a 3-digit
number, asked to count backwards in 3's from that number and told to
stop after a different period - concluded STM has a duration of around 18-
30 seconds
Baddeley: after 20 minutes, participants struggled to remember
semantically similar words (LTM), suggests we code semantically
Bahrick et al: high school yearbook study, participants tested 48 years
after graduating were 70% accurate in their recall - suggests that long
term memories last a long time
Tulving: proposed that there are 3 LTM stores: episodic, semantic &
procedural
MODELS
Atkinson & Shiffrin: proposed the Multi-Store Model
Case of HM: suffered from anterograde amnesia and forgot the two years
up to his surgery where his hippocampus (important in memory) was
removed - his short-term memory and procedural memory (part of LTM)
was fine but episodic was severely impaired (suggests they are separate,
also suggests there are multiple components of LTM, as proposed by
Tulving)
Baddeley & Hitch: proposed a model of STM, the Working Memory Model
based on a dual task study they carried out - found that some participants
could successfully complete a verbal reasoning task and rehearse a string
of digits (involving the articulatory control system)
Case of KF: STM for verbal info was very poor but normal for visual -
suggests it may have just been his phonological loop that was damaged
FORGETTING
Baddeley: participants struggled to remember acoustically similar words in
STM
Jacobs: Digit Span Technique, recall sequence of numbers (number of
numbers increases) until they can no longer be recalled - mean span for
digits was 9.3 and 7.3 for letters
Miller: conducted meta-analysis on all digit span research, concluded
capacity of STM was 7±2, also conducted chunking research and found
that 7±2 may apply to this too
Peterson & Peterson: students given a trigram to remember and a 3-digit
number, asked to count backwards in 3's from that number and told to
stop after a different period - concluded STM has a duration of around 18-
30 seconds
Baddeley: after 20 minutes, participants struggled to remember
semantically similar words (LTM), suggests we code semantically
Bahrick et al: high school yearbook study, participants tested 48 years
after graduating were 70% accurate in their recall - suggests that long
term memories last a long time
Tulving: proposed that there are 3 LTM stores: episodic, semantic &
procedural
MODELS
Atkinson & Shiffrin: proposed the Multi-Store Model
Case of HM: suffered from anterograde amnesia and forgot the two years
up to his surgery where his hippocampus (important in memory) was
removed - his short-term memory and procedural memory (part of LTM)
was fine but episodic was severely impaired (suggests they are separate,
also suggests there are multiple components of LTM, as proposed by
Tulving)
Baddeley & Hitch: proposed a model of STM, the Working Memory Model
based on a dual task study they carried out - found that some participants
could successfully complete a verbal reasoning task and rehearse a string
of digits (involving the articulatory control system)
Case of KF: STM for verbal info was very poor but normal for visual -
suggests it may have just been his phonological loop that was damaged
FORGETTING
