Russia a) Stalin – after the formation of the PRC, relations
between Mao & Stalin were cordial due to shared
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states
ideologies (honeymoon period). Nov 1949’s Sino-
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Soviet treaty ensured mutual assistance.
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very b) Lenin – began assisting the KMT in 1921 in the form
limited.’ of Soviet advisors. In 1923 the Comintern instructed
Theme: China [4] the CCP to sign a military treaty w the KMT.
a) Stalin c) A2 – 1858 Treaty of Aigun – Russian Govenor
General threatened a war on a 2 nd front whilst
b) Lenin
China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. China
c) Alexander 2 ceded >1.5 mill square km in NE & NW China.
d) Difference d) Stalin & Lenin – expanded influence via alliance. vs
A2 – expansion via threat of military force
a) Khrushchev – Virgin land policy was introd in 1953,
Russia mainly in N Kazakhstan & the Altai region. 47 mill acres
of land was plowed for grain cultivation.
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states b) A3 - Steppe Statute passed in 1891 granted 40 acres of
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central land to peasant settlers in Central Asia. This was enough
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very to establish successful farm units, so helped quell
peasant demands for land.
limited.’
c) N2 – Jul 1916 - Muslim revolt against conscription,
Theme: Central Asia [4] wasn’t suppressed until Feb 1917. After that, the
a) Khrushchev Basmachi movement (anti-Russian, rooted in the revolt)
b) Alexander 3 persisted until 1934. Showed that Central Asia was
unwilling to tolerate Russian over-involvement.
c) Nicholas 2 d) Khrushchev & A3 – expansion in the form of land control
d) Difference vs N2 – attempted expansion in the form of control over
ppl
a) Stalin – considerable influence – Stalin encouraged NK
Russia (Kim Il Sung) to invade SK, leading to the Korean War
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states (Jun 1950 to Jul 1953).
b) N2 – after establishing diplomatic relations in 1884,
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Russia had considerable influence in Korea but after
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very the 1905 defeat in the Russo-Japanese War Russian
limited.’ influence in Korea fell to near zero.
Theme: Korea [4] c) Khrushchev – peaceful co-ex as a reaction to Korean
a) Stalin War meant less involvement. China’s help in the
Korean War & economic assistance meant China
b) Nicholas 2 became more influential.
c) Khrushchev d) N2 & Khrushchev – lessened Russian influence during
d) Difference their leadership vs Stalin – Showed expanded
influence.
a) N2 – after establishing diplomatic relations in 1884,
Russia Russia had considerable influence in Korea b/c the
Korean royal fam sought protection from Japanese
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states nationalists in Seoul. After the 1905 defeat in the Russo-
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Japanese War Russian influence in Korea fell to near
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very zero.
b) Khrushchev – peaceful co-ex as a reaction to Korean
limited.’
War meant less involvement. China’s help in the Korean
Theme: Korea [4] War & economic assistance meant China became more
a) Stalin influential.
b) Nicholas 2 c) Stalin – considerable influence – Stalin encouraged NK
(Kim Il Sung) to invade SK, leading to the Korean War
c) Khrushchev (Jun 1950 to Jul 1953).
d) Difference d) N2 & Khrushchev – lessened / lost Russian influence
during their leadership vs Stalin – Showed expanded
, influence.
1863 Polish revolt – led to severe Russification (Miliutin
reforms) but peasants benefitted from emancipation
WW1 – Poland gained independence thanks to German
advances
Russia 1920 Russo-Polish War – The Red Army were fought off
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states by the Poles & Poland made some territorial gains.
Pre-WWII – Nazi-Soviet Pact soured Russo-Polish
Russo-Polish relations relations
Summary WWII – the discovery of the Katyn forest massacre (4231
Polish officers) & led Russia to cease all diplomatic
[7] relations w Poland.
Conferences – Russia re-gained proper control of Poland
via a Stalinist governing party.
Khrushchev – eased control over the Poles.
Russia was suspicious of the other Allies (& vv).
Trotsky tried to stall the talks, which annoyed the
Germans & arguably led to harsher terms.
Russia lost a lot of valuable land. This incl losing
Russia
agricultural land, railway, pop, coalmines, etc. Also
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states 6 bill marks in reparations.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lenin knew the terms would be unpop but expected
the war to end soon.
Summary
Gave the Bolsheviks time to consolidate power,
[6] worsened food shortages, & the possibility of a civil
war emerged.
Many countries previously seen as part of Russia
gained independence.
Poland – heavy repression under Milyutin’s reforms following
the 1863 Polish Revolt.
Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) – during A2 & 3,
influenced by ‘old’ German rulers, but influence waned during
N2. Annexed by Stalin in 1939 & mass deportations in WW2.
Russia Finland – A2 was quite liberal, heavy russification under N2 &
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states Borbrikov, Lenin gave more independence, but relations was
still tense, Stalin resumed heavy repression.
Russification The Ukraine – A2 was repressive, WWI led to independence,
Summary Stalin resumed repression, Khrushchev loosened.
Caucasians – high illiteracy & religious divisions made
[6] russification easy for the Tsars, Lenin & Stalin were mixed on
repression.
Jews – didn’t have a homeland, were oft perceived as a threat,
heavy repression from A2, loosened by N2, & intensified by
Communists.
between Mao & Stalin were cordial due to shared
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states
ideologies (honeymoon period). Nov 1949’s Sino-
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Soviet treaty ensured mutual assistance.
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very b) Lenin – began assisting the KMT in 1921 in the form
limited.’ of Soviet advisors. In 1923 the Comintern instructed
Theme: China [4] the CCP to sign a military treaty w the KMT.
a) Stalin c) A2 – 1858 Treaty of Aigun – Russian Govenor
General threatened a war on a 2 nd front whilst
b) Lenin
China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. China
c) Alexander 2 ceded >1.5 mill square km in NE & NW China.
d) Difference d) Stalin & Lenin – expanded influence via alliance. vs
A2 – expansion via threat of military force
a) Khrushchev – Virgin land policy was introd in 1953,
Russia mainly in N Kazakhstan & the Altai region. 47 mill acres
of land was plowed for grain cultivation.
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states b) A3 - Steppe Statute passed in 1891 granted 40 acres of
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central land to peasant settlers in Central Asia. This was enough
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very to establish successful farm units, so helped quell
peasant demands for land.
limited.’
c) N2 – Jul 1916 - Muslim revolt against conscription,
Theme: Central Asia [4] wasn’t suppressed until Feb 1917. After that, the
a) Khrushchev Basmachi movement (anti-Russian, rooted in the revolt)
b) Alexander 3 persisted until 1934. Showed that Central Asia was
unwilling to tolerate Russian over-involvement.
c) Nicholas 2 d) Khrushchev & A3 – expansion in the form of land control
d) Difference vs N2 – attempted expansion in the form of control over
ppl
a) Stalin – considerable influence – Stalin encouraged NK
Russia (Kim Il Sung) to invade SK, leading to the Korean War
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states (Jun 1950 to Jul 1953).
b) N2 – after establishing diplomatic relations in 1884,
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Russia had considerable influence in Korea but after
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very the 1905 defeat in the Russo-Japanese War Russian
limited.’ influence in Korea fell to near zero.
Theme: Korea [4] c) Khrushchev – peaceful co-ex as a reaction to Korean
a) Stalin War meant less involvement. China’s help in the
Korean War & economic assistance meant China
b) Nicholas 2 became more influential.
c) Khrushchev d) N2 & Khrushchev – lessened Russian influence during
d) Difference their leadership vs Stalin – Showed expanded
influence.
a) N2 – after establishing diplomatic relations in 1884,
Russia Russia had considerable influence in Korea b/c the
Korean royal fam sought protection from Japanese
Nationalities, minorities, & satellite states nationalists in Seoul. After the 1905 defeat in the Russo-
‘Russian Expansion in the Far East & Central Japanese War Russian influence in Korea fell to near
Asia, in the period from 1855-1964, was very zero.
b) Khrushchev – peaceful co-ex as a reaction to Korean
limited.’
War meant less involvement. China’s help in the Korean
Theme: Korea [4] War & economic assistance meant China became more
a) Stalin influential.
b) Nicholas 2 c) Stalin – considerable influence – Stalin encouraged NK
(Kim Il Sung) to invade SK, leading to the Korean War
c) Khrushchev (Jun 1950 to Jul 1953).
d) Difference d) N2 & Khrushchev – lessened / lost Russian influence
during their leadership vs Stalin – Showed expanded
, influence.
1863 Polish revolt – led to severe Russification (Miliutin
reforms) but peasants benefitted from emancipation
WW1 – Poland gained independence thanks to German
advances
Russia 1920 Russo-Polish War – The Red Army were fought off
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states by the Poles & Poland made some territorial gains.
Pre-WWII – Nazi-Soviet Pact soured Russo-Polish
Russo-Polish relations relations
Summary WWII – the discovery of the Katyn forest massacre (4231
Polish officers) & led Russia to cease all diplomatic
[7] relations w Poland.
Conferences – Russia re-gained proper control of Poland
via a Stalinist governing party.
Khrushchev – eased control over the Poles.
Russia was suspicious of the other Allies (& vv).
Trotsky tried to stall the talks, which annoyed the
Germans & arguably led to harsher terms.
Russia lost a lot of valuable land. This incl losing
Russia
agricultural land, railway, pop, coalmines, etc. Also
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states 6 bill marks in reparations.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lenin knew the terms would be unpop but expected
the war to end soon.
Summary
Gave the Bolsheviks time to consolidate power,
[6] worsened food shortages, & the possibility of a civil
war emerged.
Many countries previously seen as part of Russia
gained independence.
Poland – heavy repression under Milyutin’s reforms following
the 1863 Polish Revolt.
Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) – during A2 & 3,
influenced by ‘old’ German rulers, but influence waned during
N2. Annexed by Stalin in 1939 & mass deportations in WW2.
Russia Finland – A2 was quite liberal, heavy russification under N2 &
Empire, nationalities, & satellite states Borbrikov, Lenin gave more independence, but relations was
still tense, Stalin resumed heavy repression.
Russification The Ukraine – A2 was repressive, WWI led to independence,
Summary Stalin resumed repression, Khrushchev loosened.
Caucasians – high illiteracy & religious divisions made
[6] russification easy for the Tsars, Lenin & Stalin were mixed on
repression.
Jews – didn’t have a homeland, were oft perceived as a threat,
heavy repression from A2, loosened by N2, & intensified by
Communists.
