, Multi-store Model
>
-
Atkinson & Shiftrin (1968)
Proposed one of the earliest models of
memory
the MSM
.
They suggested that
memory is made
up
of three components :
.
1
Sensory Register (SR)
2 .
Short-term
memory (STM)
.
3
Long-term memory (LTM)
↳
According to the model ,
memories are formed sequentially and information passes from one component
to the next ,
in linear
fashion .
Each of the three components has specific type of
ceding capacity and duration
·
a , .
3
Coding :
Refers to the
way
in which
information is changed and stored in
memory
.
3 Duration :
Refers to the
length of time that information is held in the
memory store
.
3 the amount stored
Capacity :
Refers to of information that can be
. Information enters the register senses The register has unknown (perhaps unlimited)
1
sensory vis our .
sensory an
capacity and a
very limited duration of less than one .
second As information enters from all 5 senses
,
the
coding is
modality specific and said to be new or
unprocessed information.
. Information
2 passed to STM , limited of T+/-2 chunks' of information and
is which has a
capacity
limited duration of
approx . To seconds
.
Information in the STM is coded
coustically For
example if
try to remember phone number
-
.
, you a
you might repeat the number over and over in
your need
.
3
. Rehearsed LTM unlimited
information is
transferred to ,
which has
capacity and a lifetime's duration .
Information in the LTM is coded semantically and cam be retired from LTM to STM when .
required
KEY STUDY
: MILLER (1956) 'MAGIC NUMBER' -
CAPACITY SiN
·
AIM : To investigate the
capacity of STM
that of enabled Sir
RESULTS : This research suggested organising stimulus input into a series chunks
to with about 7 'chunks' this more than seven digits words musical notes could be
cope ,
was
why , or
remembered successfully
.
When try to has 11 the information into
-
we remember a number which digits chunk
phone , , me
for example 0761 819 45 43 so only need to remember four chunks and not
groups , ... ...
...
,
we
11 individual digits .
↓ Miller's (1887)
theory is
supported by psychological research ·
Jacobs conducted an
experiment using a digital
test of STM for and letters of famde
Span ,
to examine the capacity numbers .
Jacobs used a
sample 443
Students layed 0.19) .
Participants had to
repect back a
string of numbers or letters in the same order
of digits/letters
the number was greavely increased , until policipants could no
longer recell the
sequence .
Jacobs
found that the students had an
average spon of 7 3 . letters and 9 3 .
words
,
which
supports Miller's nation of TH-2
.
, X
Although Miller's (1956) theory is
supported by psychological research ,
he did not
specify how
large each 'church
of information could be and therefore we are unable to conclude the exact
capacity of STM .
Consequently further ,
research is
required to determine the size of information 'chunks' to understand the exact capacity of STM
.
* Miller's STM into account allet For
research into did not take other factors that
capacity .
example , age
could also affect STM and
Jados' (1887) research acknowledged that STM
gredually improved with
age
.
KEY STUDY : PETERSON & PETERSON (1959) -DURATION OF STM
AIM different interference task affect of items
To investigate how minerals
containing the recell
:
·
short an
presented really , and to inter the duration of STM
.
METHOD :
. The 24 and female university students
7
participants were male .
.
2 The
n ereal items tested for recell were 48 three-consonant nonsense
syllables (such as JBW or PDX)
spelled out letter
by letter -
these have since been named 'trigrams. There were also cards
containing
three-digit numbers (such as 360 or 294).
3
. The researcher spelled the
syllables out and then
immediately said a three-digit number .
4
. The to backwards 45 from to
participant had count in either 35 or that number this was
-
prevent repetition of the trigram by the
participant-
.
.
5 At the end of between 3 and 18 seconds a red light went on and the participant had to recell
the trigram
.
RESULTS They that the the interval the cromete At 3 seconds 80 %
found longer less the recell around
·
:
.
,
trigrams recelled at 18 seconds 10% .
recelled
of the were correctly ,
whereas
only were
correctly
CONCLUSION STM has limited duration of 18 Furthermore if to
approximately seconds we undle
:
a are
·
.
,
release information it will not be
passed to LTM ,
providing further support for the MSM and the idea of
discrete components .
↓ Peterson & Peterson's and took
Study was HIGHLY CONTROLLED
place in a
laboratory of a
University
. As a
result P & had of for to
,
P a
high degree control extraneous variables ,
which makes their
procedure easy replicate
to test
reliability
.
* Peterson & Peterson used a
sample of 24
psychology students ,
which is an issue for two .
reasons
Firstly ,
the
students have encountered the MSM
previously and therefore have demonstrated demand
psychology may may
characteristics by their behaviour to assist the experimenter Secondly the of
psychology students
changing . ,
memory
may
be different from other people , especially if
they had
previously studied
strategies for memory improvement .
result the results of to students
As a , we are unable to generalise this
study non-psychology .
* Another limitation that it could be peterson Peterson's of ecological
is argued that &
study has low levels
. In
validity this study ,
participants were asked to recell three-letter trigrams ,
which is unlike
anything people
would memorise in
everyday life As result unable to these results to
. a ,
we are
apply everyday examples
of
memory
and are unable to conclude if the duration of STM may be
longer for more
important
vital
information ,
such as a
phone number
.
>
-
Atkinson & Shiftrin (1968)
Proposed one of the earliest models of
memory
the MSM
.
They suggested that
memory is made
up
of three components :
.
1
Sensory Register (SR)
2 .
Short-term
memory (STM)
.
3
Long-term memory (LTM)
↳
According to the model ,
memories are formed sequentially and information passes from one component
to the next ,
in linear
fashion .
Each of the three components has specific type of
ceding capacity and duration
·
a , .
3
Coding :
Refers to the
way
in which
information is changed and stored in
memory
.
3 Duration :
Refers to the
length of time that information is held in the
memory store
.
3 the amount stored
Capacity :
Refers to of information that can be
. Information enters the register senses The register has unknown (perhaps unlimited)
1
sensory vis our .
sensory an
capacity and a
very limited duration of less than one .
second As information enters from all 5 senses
,
the
coding is
modality specific and said to be new or
unprocessed information.
. Information
2 passed to STM , limited of T+/-2 chunks' of information and
is which has a
capacity
limited duration of
approx . To seconds
.
Information in the STM is coded
coustically For
example if
try to remember phone number
-
.
, you a
you might repeat the number over and over in
your need
.
3
. Rehearsed LTM unlimited
information is
transferred to ,
which has
capacity and a lifetime's duration .
Information in the LTM is coded semantically and cam be retired from LTM to STM when .
required
KEY STUDY
: MILLER (1956) 'MAGIC NUMBER' -
CAPACITY SiN
·
AIM : To investigate the
capacity of STM
that of enabled Sir
RESULTS : This research suggested organising stimulus input into a series chunks
to with about 7 'chunks' this more than seven digits words musical notes could be
cope ,
was
why , or
remembered successfully
.
When try to has 11 the information into
-
we remember a number which digits chunk
phone , , me
for example 0761 819 45 43 so only need to remember four chunks and not
groups , ... ...
...
,
we
11 individual digits .
↓ Miller's (1887)
theory is
supported by psychological research ·
Jacobs conducted an
experiment using a digital
test of STM for and letters of famde
Span ,
to examine the capacity numbers .
Jacobs used a
sample 443
Students layed 0.19) .
Participants had to
repect back a
string of numbers or letters in the same order
of digits/letters
the number was greavely increased , until policipants could no
longer recell the
sequence .
Jacobs
found that the students had an
average spon of 7 3 . letters and 9 3 .
words
,
which
supports Miller's nation of TH-2
.
, X
Although Miller's (1956) theory is
supported by psychological research ,
he did not
specify how
large each 'church
of information could be and therefore we are unable to conclude the exact
capacity of STM .
Consequently further ,
research is
required to determine the size of information 'chunks' to understand the exact capacity of STM
.
* Miller's STM into account allet For
research into did not take other factors that
capacity .
example , age
could also affect STM and
Jados' (1887) research acknowledged that STM
gredually improved with
age
.
KEY STUDY : PETERSON & PETERSON (1959) -DURATION OF STM
AIM different interference task affect of items
To investigate how minerals
containing the recell
:
·
short an
presented really , and to inter the duration of STM
.
METHOD :
. The 24 and female university students
7
participants were male .
.
2 The
n ereal items tested for recell were 48 three-consonant nonsense
syllables (such as JBW or PDX)
spelled out letter
by letter -
these have since been named 'trigrams. There were also cards
containing
three-digit numbers (such as 360 or 294).
3
. The researcher spelled the
syllables out and then
immediately said a three-digit number .
4
. The to backwards 45 from to
participant had count in either 35 or that number this was
-
prevent repetition of the trigram by the
participant-
.
.
5 At the end of between 3 and 18 seconds a red light went on and the participant had to recell
the trigram
.
RESULTS They that the the interval the cromete At 3 seconds 80 %
found longer less the recell around
·
:
.
,
trigrams recelled at 18 seconds 10% .
recelled
of the were correctly ,
whereas
only were
correctly
CONCLUSION STM has limited duration of 18 Furthermore if to
approximately seconds we undle
:
a are
·
.
,
release information it will not be
passed to LTM ,
providing further support for the MSM and the idea of
discrete components .
↓ Peterson & Peterson's and took
Study was HIGHLY CONTROLLED
place in a
laboratory of a
University
. As a
result P & had of for to
,
P a
high degree control extraneous variables ,
which makes their
procedure easy replicate
to test
reliability
.
* Peterson & Peterson used a
sample of 24
psychology students ,
which is an issue for two .
reasons
Firstly ,
the
students have encountered the MSM
previously and therefore have demonstrated demand
psychology may may
characteristics by their behaviour to assist the experimenter Secondly the of
psychology students
changing . ,
memory
may
be different from other people , especially if
they had
previously studied
strategies for memory improvement .
result the results of to students
As a , we are unable to generalise this
study non-psychology .
* Another limitation that it could be peterson Peterson's of ecological
is argued that &
study has low levels
. In
validity this study ,
participants were asked to recell three-letter trigrams ,
which is unlike
anything people
would memorise in
everyday life As result unable to these results to
. a ,
we are
apply everyday examples
of
memory
and are unable to conclude if the duration of STM may be
longer for more
important
vital
information ,
such as a
phone number
.
