12: Relationship with Indigenous People
Challenges to Opposition grew amongst the educated Indian professional classes. An outlet for protest
British Rule in was founded in the emergence of the growth of nationalist newspapers. Both Bal Tilak,
India- Press editor of Kesari, and Shivram Paranjee, founder of Kaal (in 1898) were imprisoned for
stirring up hostilities. Tilak was the first leader of the Indian independence movement,
and was known as 'the father of the Indian unrest'. He formed a close alliance with
many Indian National Congress leaders and was accused of inciting the murder of a
medical officer. The popularity of Kaal led to Pranjee's arrest for sedition in 1908. He
served 19 months imprisonment and hard labour - released in 1910. The British authorities
banned the paper and confiscated his writings.
Young India The Abhinar Bharat (Young Indian) organisation, founded by brothers Vinayak and
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1903, became the home for several hundred
revolutionaries and political activists. Vinayak wrote regular newsletters to his
counterparts in India as well as carrying out revolutionary propaganda in London. It
established branches in several parts of India and carried out assassinations of British
officials, including the district magistrate, Arthur Jackson, and a London based military
advisor, Lieutenant-Colonel Curzon-Wyllie in 1909. Vinayak was charged with the
Jackson murder and imprisoned in 1910. The society was formerly disbanded in 1952.
Partition of The partition of Bengal prompted the most vociferous opposition. Tilak was at the
Bengal forefront of a swadeshi, or self-sufficiency, campaign designed to undermine British rule.
Petitions, protests and public boycotts of British goods took place. The 6-year campaign
was successful in as much as Bengal was reunites in 1911. Its methods and principles
greatly influenced the later campaigns of Gandhi
Challenges in Sayyid Hassan, a self-styled Somali religious warrior known as the 'Mad Mullah' by the
Somaliland British, built a force of c20 000 Dervish forces, armed with weapons from the Ottoman
Empire, with the aim to halt Ethiopian, Italian and British gains in Somalia. From c1900, his
forces mounted raids on British Somaliland, antagonising local communities. To counter
him, the British conducted joint military action with Ethiopia's emperor Menelik, although
without conclusive success. The Dervish secured a somewhat hollow victory over the
outnumbered British 'camel constabulary' at the Battle of Dal Madoba in August 1913
and were never fully supressed until after WW1
Challenges in British control was challenged briefly by Khalid bin Barghash who assumed power in 1896
Zanzibar following the suspicious death of the pro-British Hamound. Khlahid commanded 3000
men but he quickly fled following heavy bombardment from the British. The challenge
lasted less than 2 days.
Challenges in In 1898, the British governor of Sierra Leone, Colonel Cardew, introduced a new sever
West Africa tax on dwellings, known as the 'hut tax' and also insisted that local chiefs organise their
followers to maintain roads. These demands were met with resistance, one in the
northern area of the Temne, led by Bai Bureh and the other in the southern area by the
Mende, led by Momoh Jah. Cardew responded militarily and eventually deployed a
'scorched earth' policy, which involved setting fire to entire villages, farms and crops. This
tactic secured surrender from Cardew's primary adversary, Chief Bai Burch, in
November 189, although 100s had been killed in the process. Despite the British
government’s plea for leniency, Cardew had 96 of the chief warriors hanged
Challenges in Kitchener conquered the Egyptian Sudan - culminating in the Battle of Omdurman and
Sudan the fall of Khartoum in 1898. Many of the Sudanese did welcome the downfall of the
Mahdist regime, which had severely damaged the Sudanese economy and seen a
population decline of 50% through famine, disease, persecution and warfare. However,
the arrival of the British meant little more than exchanging one oppressor for another. It
took Britain more than 30 years to subdue the tribes in South Sudan. Britain attempted to
create a modern government, introduce new penal codes, establish land tenure rules
and a system of taxation for the first time in Sudan which incensed the Sudanese
people. Tribes refused to renounce their customs and pay taxation; inter-tribal feuds
persisted, bringing down the heavy hand of British law. A total of 33 punitive expeditions
were mounted to force tribesmen to accept the new order and rebellious natives were
often brutally treated. There were further Mahdist uprisings in 1900, 1902-3, 1904 and
1908. A series of swift public hangings accompanies the last as the British sought to make
an example of the rebels - not even affording them a trial.
Development The region did experience considerable economic development in the hands of the
in Sudan British, particularly in the Nile valley. Telegraph and railway lines were extended to like
key areas in northern Sudan and port Sudan opened in 1906, as the country's principle
Challenges to Opposition grew amongst the educated Indian professional classes. An outlet for protest
British Rule in was founded in the emergence of the growth of nationalist newspapers. Both Bal Tilak,
India- Press editor of Kesari, and Shivram Paranjee, founder of Kaal (in 1898) were imprisoned for
stirring up hostilities. Tilak was the first leader of the Indian independence movement,
and was known as 'the father of the Indian unrest'. He formed a close alliance with
many Indian National Congress leaders and was accused of inciting the murder of a
medical officer. The popularity of Kaal led to Pranjee's arrest for sedition in 1908. He
served 19 months imprisonment and hard labour - released in 1910. The British authorities
banned the paper and confiscated his writings.
Young India The Abhinar Bharat (Young Indian) organisation, founded by brothers Vinayak and
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1903, became the home for several hundred
revolutionaries and political activists. Vinayak wrote regular newsletters to his
counterparts in India as well as carrying out revolutionary propaganda in London. It
established branches in several parts of India and carried out assassinations of British
officials, including the district magistrate, Arthur Jackson, and a London based military
advisor, Lieutenant-Colonel Curzon-Wyllie in 1909. Vinayak was charged with the
Jackson murder and imprisoned in 1910. The society was formerly disbanded in 1952.
Partition of The partition of Bengal prompted the most vociferous opposition. Tilak was at the
Bengal forefront of a swadeshi, or self-sufficiency, campaign designed to undermine British rule.
Petitions, protests and public boycotts of British goods took place. The 6-year campaign
was successful in as much as Bengal was reunites in 1911. Its methods and principles
greatly influenced the later campaigns of Gandhi
Challenges in Sayyid Hassan, a self-styled Somali religious warrior known as the 'Mad Mullah' by the
Somaliland British, built a force of c20 000 Dervish forces, armed with weapons from the Ottoman
Empire, with the aim to halt Ethiopian, Italian and British gains in Somalia. From c1900, his
forces mounted raids on British Somaliland, antagonising local communities. To counter
him, the British conducted joint military action with Ethiopia's emperor Menelik, although
without conclusive success. The Dervish secured a somewhat hollow victory over the
outnumbered British 'camel constabulary' at the Battle of Dal Madoba in August 1913
and were never fully supressed until after WW1
Challenges in British control was challenged briefly by Khalid bin Barghash who assumed power in 1896
Zanzibar following the suspicious death of the pro-British Hamound. Khlahid commanded 3000
men but he quickly fled following heavy bombardment from the British. The challenge
lasted less than 2 days.
Challenges in In 1898, the British governor of Sierra Leone, Colonel Cardew, introduced a new sever
West Africa tax on dwellings, known as the 'hut tax' and also insisted that local chiefs organise their
followers to maintain roads. These demands were met with resistance, one in the
northern area of the Temne, led by Bai Bureh and the other in the southern area by the
Mende, led by Momoh Jah. Cardew responded militarily and eventually deployed a
'scorched earth' policy, which involved setting fire to entire villages, farms and crops. This
tactic secured surrender from Cardew's primary adversary, Chief Bai Burch, in
November 189, although 100s had been killed in the process. Despite the British
government’s plea for leniency, Cardew had 96 of the chief warriors hanged
Challenges in Kitchener conquered the Egyptian Sudan - culminating in the Battle of Omdurman and
Sudan the fall of Khartoum in 1898. Many of the Sudanese did welcome the downfall of the
Mahdist regime, which had severely damaged the Sudanese economy and seen a
population decline of 50% through famine, disease, persecution and warfare. However,
the arrival of the British meant little more than exchanging one oppressor for another. It
took Britain more than 30 years to subdue the tribes in South Sudan. Britain attempted to
create a modern government, introduce new penal codes, establish land tenure rules
and a system of taxation for the first time in Sudan which incensed the Sudanese
people. Tribes refused to renounce their customs and pay taxation; inter-tribal feuds
persisted, bringing down the heavy hand of British law. A total of 33 punitive expeditions
were mounted to force tribesmen to accept the new order and rebellious natives were
often brutally treated. There were further Mahdist uprisings in 1900, 1902-3, 1904 and
1908. A series of swift public hangings accompanies the last as the British sought to make
an example of the rebels - not even affording them a trial.
Development The region did experience considerable economic development in the hands of the
in Sudan British, particularly in the Nile valley. Telegraph and railway lines were extended to like
key areas in northern Sudan and port Sudan opened in 1906, as the country's principle
