Anushah Khan
Factors responsible for the establishment of the crusader states in the years 1100 to 1131?
Effective leadership Counter- argument
Baldwin I (1100-1118): Successful leader due to his Battle of Harran (1104):
establishment of defence. Constructed strategically located - Launched by Baldwin, Bohemond & Tancred- leaders
castles: had territorial ambitons
- Krak des Chevaliers built to overlook the Homs Valley - However sufered a defeat from the Muslims of
(rebuilt by the Hospitallers in the 1140s) Mosul and Mardin- Harran remained in Muslim hands
- Egypt- Fatmid Ascalon acted as a safe port for Egyptan - Baldwin was captured only to be released 4 years
fleets- allowed troops to raid inland into eerusalem- in later- loss of strength and territory
order to defend against this threat built castles to act - Ports and towns were recaptured
as a deterrent, inc, Ibelin, Blanchegarde and - Area controlled by the principality of Antioch
Bethgibelin reduced by 60 per cent
- Castle of Montreal controlled valleys across the Dead However, Asbridge points out that the settlers recovered most
Sea & Gulf of Aqaba of this territory within a decade highlightng the military
- 1099-1114- at least 29 castles were refortied capability of the Frankish rulers
Baldwin II (1118-1131): Characterised by military necessity Were the Franks always united?
- Led 19 campaigns against the Muslims - 1105-Tancred of Antioch and Baldwin I allied w/
- Failed @ Aleppo however was contrasted by later Turks against one another- took over Edessa during
successes; between May 1125 & ean 1126- won @ Baldwin’s captivity
Azaz, Zerdana, Damascus, Ascalon then Damascus County of Tripoli attempted to maintain independence despite
again it being a vassal state to eerusalem
- Also victorious @ Rapahania in Egypt & Antoch Relatons w/ Byzantum:
- Had military prowess- was a capable ruler ● Antoch faced threats from Byzantnes in the north-
claimed overlordship & Turks in south-east who were
trying to capture it
● Bohemond’s refusal to hand over Antoch
Muslim disunity Counter- argument
The main flaw of the Muslims was that they failed to see the 1st ● However, it is argued that this changed afer the
crusade as a campaign of religious conquest, t/f secular Battle of Field of Blood in 1119 in which Muslims
leadership & religious leadership remained separate preventng were victorious against the Franks:
a counter Islamic attack - Prince Rogers army surrendered around Samarda as
● Failure of the duty of the caliph & sultan: 700 knights and 3,000 foot soldiers were killed- the
- 1100- delegation from Damascus went to Baghdad to loss was so severe that almost the entrety of the
convince the sultan to respond to the Franks however, Antochene nobility was wiped out and Baldwin II had
the sultan was occupied in local politcal concerns to nominate his own men to marry widows in order
- 1111- group from Aleppo made a much more dramatc to stabilize the areas /provide defence for the city
protest in the sultan’s mosque. Ibn al-Qalanisi: ‘they - Philips- ‘irst tme jihad imagery began to be used w/
drove the preacher from the pulpit & smashed it into any frequency in the age of the crusades’
pieces; clamouring & weeping for the misfortunes that - Damascene chronicler, Ibn al- Qalanisi: ‘One of the
had befallen Islam at the hands of the Franks’. They finest of vincttoines nni sccth pleenntcie of invinne nni ans
prevented the congregaton from praying & staged a neviei ginntei to Isenm nn nee nts plnst nges’
similar event in the caliph’s mosque the following - Muslim leader depicted as eihadi warriors; Tughtgin
Friday described as ‘protector of those who ight in the holy
- These actons signify the failure of the caliph and war’ (1122)
sultans duty to defend Islamic lands t/f did not deserve - In conjuncton w/ the irst success of the Muslims
honour against the Franks- seeds were sown for later
Factors responsible for the establishment of the crusader states in the years 1100 to 1131?
Effective leadership Counter- argument
Baldwin I (1100-1118): Successful leader due to his Battle of Harran (1104):
establishment of defence. Constructed strategically located - Launched by Baldwin, Bohemond & Tancred- leaders
castles: had territorial ambitons
- Krak des Chevaliers built to overlook the Homs Valley - However sufered a defeat from the Muslims of
(rebuilt by the Hospitallers in the 1140s) Mosul and Mardin- Harran remained in Muslim hands
- Egypt- Fatmid Ascalon acted as a safe port for Egyptan - Baldwin was captured only to be released 4 years
fleets- allowed troops to raid inland into eerusalem- in later- loss of strength and territory
order to defend against this threat built castles to act - Ports and towns were recaptured
as a deterrent, inc, Ibelin, Blanchegarde and - Area controlled by the principality of Antioch
Bethgibelin reduced by 60 per cent
- Castle of Montreal controlled valleys across the Dead However, Asbridge points out that the settlers recovered most
Sea & Gulf of Aqaba of this territory within a decade highlightng the military
- 1099-1114- at least 29 castles were refortied capability of the Frankish rulers
Baldwin II (1118-1131): Characterised by military necessity Were the Franks always united?
- Led 19 campaigns against the Muslims - 1105-Tancred of Antioch and Baldwin I allied w/
- Failed @ Aleppo however was contrasted by later Turks against one another- took over Edessa during
successes; between May 1125 & ean 1126- won @ Baldwin’s captivity
Azaz, Zerdana, Damascus, Ascalon then Damascus County of Tripoli attempted to maintain independence despite
again it being a vassal state to eerusalem
- Also victorious @ Rapahania in Egypt & Antoch Relatons w/ Byzantum:
- Had military prowess- was a capable ruler ● Antoch faced threats from Byzantnes in the north-
claimed overlordship & Turks in south-east who were
trying to capture it
● Bohemond’s refusal to hand over Antoch
Muslim disunity Counter- argument
The main flaw of the Muslims was that they failed to see the 1st ● However, it is argued that this changed afer the
crusade as a campaign of religious conquest, t/f secular Battle of Field of Blood in 1119 in which Muslims
leadership & religious leadership remained separate preventng were victorious against the Franks:
a counter Islamic attack - Prince Rogers army surrendered around Samarda as
● Failure of the duty of the caliph & sultan: 700 knights and 3,000 foot soldiers were killed- the
- 1100- delegation from Damascus went to Baghdad to loss was so severe that almost the entrety of the
convince the sultan to respond to the Franks however, Antochene nobility was wiped out and Baldwin II had
the sultan was occupied in local politcal concerns to nominate his own men to marry widows in order
- 1111- group from Aleppo made a much more dramatc to stabilize the areas /provide defence for the city
protest in the sultan’s mosque. Ibn al-Qalanisi: ‘they - Philips- ‘irst tme jihad imagery began to be used w/
drove the preacher from the pulpit & smashed it into any frequency in the age of the crusades’
pieces; clamouring & weeping for the misfortunes that - Damascene chronicler, Ibn al- Qalanisi: ‘One of the
had befallen Islam at the hands of the Franks’. They finest of vincttoines nni sccth pleenntcie of invinne nni ans
prevented the congregaton from praying & staged a neviei ginntei to Isenm nn nee nts plnst nges’
similar event in the caliph’s mosque the following - Muslim leader depicted as eihadi warriors; Tughtgin
Friday described as ‘protector of those who ight in the holy
- These actons signify the failure of the caliph and war’ (1122)
sultans duty to defend Islamic lands t/f did not deserve - In conjuncton w/ the irst success of the Muslims
honour against the Franks- seeds were sown for later
