Adolescence Canadian 1st Edition By McMahan - Test Bank

Chapter 3: Cognitive Changes Multiple Choice Questions 1) The changes that take place in the ways adolescents think are known as A) mental progress. B) informational input. C) cognitive development D) knowledge processing. Answer: C Page Ref: 76 2) The most important figure to study how children's thinking changes during development was A) Sigmund Freud. B) Jean Piaget. C) Konrad Lorenz. D) G, Stanley Hall. Answer: B Page Ref: 76 3) For Piaget, the process of trying to understand new information in terms of one's existing knowledge is known as A) interaction. B) maturation. C) accommodation. D) assimilation. Answer: D Page Ref: 77 4) For Piaget, the process of changing one's current ways of thinking in response to new experiences is known as A) assimilation. B) accommodation. C) interaction. D) maturation. Answer: A Page Ref: 77 5) According to Piaget, young adolescents enter the stage of _____, in which thinking is based on an abstract system of logic. A) concrete operations B) abstract operations C) formal operations D) logical operations Answer: C Page Ref: 78 6) When trying to understand social relationships in her new school, Farah generates a set of hypotheses about who is friends with whom, then systematically looks for evidence to confirm or disconfirm them. Piaget would place Farah in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational Answer: D Page Ref: 78 7) The competence-performance gap is likely to be larger when A) the adolescent's attention is divided among different problems. B) the material fits well with the teen's own views. C) the matter is personally relevant. D) the information being considered is more familiar. Answer: A Page Ref: 79 8) Patrick, a 10th grader, does not believe there are such things as UFOs. He is most likely to notice illogical reasoning when reading an article that A) discusses the benefits and costs of globalization. B) argues for the existence of UFOs. C) argues that UFOs are imaginary. D) explains why 10th graders are superior to younger adolescents. Answer: B Page Ref: 79 9) "Cars have four wheels. This object has four wheels, so it's a car." This is an example of A) hypothetico-deductive reasoning. B) metalogical analysis. C) inductive reasoning. D) preoperational thinking. Answer: C Page Ref: 79 10) Adolescents are more likely than children to measure their world against abstract concepts such as fairness and justice and to propose ways to improve it, reflecting their greater ability to A) understand metaphor. B) use inductive reasoning. C) think hypothetically. D) infer conclusions. Answer: C Page Ref: 80 11) Adolescents can better grasp sayings such as "When it rains, it pours" through their ability to A) mentally compare explicit and implicit meanings. B) understand grammatical rules. C) ignore abstract relationships. D) stay focused on concrete aspects of objects. Answer: A Page Ref: 81 12) The ability to attend to multiple meanings helps adolescents appreciate A) concrete information. B) sarcasm. C) egocentrism. D) inductive reasoning. Answer: B Page Ref: 81 13) Compared to younger children, adolescents are better at A) thinking about possibilities. B) understanding the world in abstract terms. C) seeing what is as a particular case of what might be. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 81 14) The "imaginary audience" is one way that adolescent _____ shows itself. A) abstraction B) accommodation C) egocentrism D) operationalism Answer: C Page Ref: 82 15) As Luigi walks by two girls, one glances at him, then returns to her conversation. He is sure she is making a negative comment about him. Elkind would see this as an example of A) introspection. B) the imaginary audience. C) impression formation. D) a personal fable. Answer: B Page Ref: 82 16) "This is the worst thing that ever happened to anyone!" Statements of this sort reflect the influence of A) Internet chatrooms. B) dramatic license. C) the personal fable. D) concrete operations. Answer: C Page Ref: 83 17) Tiffany is aware that unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, but she tells her friends that if she became sexually active, she knows nothing bad would happen to her. Elkind would see this as an example of A) counterfactual thinking. B) a personal fable. C) metacognition. D) the imaginary audience. Answer: B Page Ref: 83 18) Research on the imaginary audience suggests that A) teens show off even if no one is looking. B) young adolescents are more egocentric than older adolescents. C) risky behaviour is more likely in the company of peers. D) often others really are watching and judging. Answer: D Page Ref: 83 19) Campaigns to prevent risky behaviours by teens may be less effective because _____ leads teens to believe that bad things are likely to happen to others but not to themselves. A) formal operational thinking B) the personal fable C) probabilistic reasoning D) the imaginary audience Answer: B Page Ref: 83 20) Piaget's theory has been criticized on the ground that A) many older adolescents fail to show formal operational thinking. B) the distinctions among stages are not strict enough. C) it does not focus enough on mental structures. D) All of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 85 21) Kurt Fischer's approach to cognitive development differs from Piaget's in A) focusing on coordinated skills rather than stages. B) giving a less important role to the social environment. C) maintaining that different areas of cognitive functioning develop evenly. D) rejecting the idea of sensorimotor intelligence. Answer: A Page Ref: 86 22) The area between those things you can do on your own and those you could do if guided by someone more skilled than you is what Vygotsky termed A) the social environment. B) the competence-performance gap. C) the zone of proximal development. D) the region of dynamic skills. Answer: C Page Ref: 87 23) According to Robbie Case, adolescents are better than children at solving problems because of their use of _____ to mentally represent the goal and possible strategies to reach it. A) scaffolding B) concrete operations C) metaphors D) executive control structures Answer: D Page Ref: 88 24) A discussion of adolescent thinking that features such terms as input, working memory, and executive function most likely reflects the _____ approach to the subject. A) cognitive developmental B) information processing C) psychometric D) neuropsychological Answer: B Page Ref: 88-89 25) According to the information processing approach to cognition, if some piece of information engages your attention, it is passed along to A) motoric control. B) working memory. C) the executive function. D) comparison units. Answer: B Page Ref: 89 26) Adolescents reason and solve problems better than children as a result of A) better attentional control. B) faster processing speed. C) greater memory span. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 89 27) Physical changes in the associative areas of the cortex during late childhood and early adolescence are thought to contribute to A) increased processing speed. B) crystallized intelligence. C) selective attention. D) the competence-performance gap. Answer: A Page Ref: 90 28) Saeed studies for an upcoming quiz in the noisy cafeteria. His ability to focus on the material is the result of A) divided attention. B) executive functions. C) selective attention. D) the sensory register. Answer: C Page Ref: 89 29) Jayashri reads an assigned text while listening to music on headphones. This is an example of A) divided attention. B) selective attention. C) limited attention. D) working memory. Answer: A Page Ref: 89 30) The amount of time someone takes to do a task such as mental addition A) has little to do with working memory. B) goes down sharply from middle childhood to early adolescence. C) is the result of divided attention. D) depends on abstract logical structures. Answer: B Page Ref: 90 31) Adolescents who are able to use logical analysis often fail to do so because A) more intuitive methods may be faster and cognitively cheaper. B) they depend too much on inductive reasoning. C) they look at problems from too many angles. D) they realize that real life is usually illogical. Answer: A Page Ref: 91 32) "My enemy's enemy is my friend" is an example of a A) contradiction in terms. B) fuzzy trace. C) heuristic. D) cognitive conflict. Answer: C Page Ref: 91 33) Instead of trying to memorize something verbatim, adolescents tend to extract a(n) _____ that is easier to store, retrieve, and use. A) working memory B) fuzzy trace C) heuristic D) principle Answer: B Page Ref: 91 34) The work of _____ implies that adolescents and adults may approach problems using both conscious logical analysis and less conscious heuristic intuition. A) Jean Piaget B) Lev Vygotsky C) Robbie Case D) Paul Klaczynski Answer: D Page Ref: 91 35) The psychometric approach to cognition focuses on A) universal patterns of development. B) people with very unusual ways of thinking. C) how individuals differ from one another in thinking ability. D) the rate at which children pass through cognitive stages. Answer: C Page Ref: 94 36) In the early 20th century, Alfred Binet was asked to develop a test to A) measure a child's innate intellectual potential. B) indicate if an adolescent was ready to graduate from high school. C) predict how well a child was likely to do in school. D) control admissions to the university. Answer: C Page Ref: 94 37) If an intelligence test yields a deviation IQ, about two-thirds of the population will get scores between _____ and _____. A) 0; 100 B) 50; 150 C) 85; 115 D) 100; 125 Answer: A Page Ref: 94 38) Today's IQ tests are standardized to give an average IQ score of A) 50. B) 85. C) 100. D) 115. Answer: C Page Ref: 94 39) Absolute levels of intelligence _____ during adolescence and one's relative position within one's age group _____. A) stay much the same; fluctuates B) increase; stays much the same C) increase; improves D) are constant; is constant Answer: B Page Ref: 94 40) _____ intelligence peaks during the adolescent years, while _____ intelligence continues to increase during adulthood. A) Fluid; crystallized B) Verbal; quantitative C) Fixed; variable D) Crystallized; fluid Answer: A Page Ref: 95 41) The knowledge and critical judgment that people accumulate from education and experience is known as A) life lessons. B) crystallized intelligence. C) fluid intelligence. D) wisdom. Answer: B Page Ref: 95 42) Persistent class and ethnic differences in children's IQ scores have been explained as the result of A) culturally biased tests. B) genetic group differences. C) unfavorable environmental factors. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 96 43) The suggestion that environmental factors contribute to group differences in IQ is supported by the finding that A) children adopted into more advantaged homes score higher on IQ tests. B) parents in disadvantaged groups who encourage learning have children who score higher on IQ tests. C) children who miss a lot of school score lower on IQ tests. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 97 44) When problems come up, Suriyya can be counted on to suggest new and useful solutions. Robert Sternberg would say that she is strong in _____ intelligence. A) contextual B) experiential C) successful D) componential Answer: B Page Ref: 98 45) In Howard Gardner's view, highly skilled dancers, athletes, and surgeons are all likely to have unusually high _____ intelligence. A) musical B) experiential C) kinesthetic D) global Answer: C Page Ref: 99 46) In what is called the Flynn effect, over the last 60 years average IQ scores A) have increased steadily. B) have dropped steadily. C) have stayed constant. D) have varied unpredictably. Answer: A Page Ref: 100 47) Adolescents have increased abilities to think about their own thinking, in what is known as A) formal operations. B) reflective cognition. C) metacognition. D) automatization. Answer: C Page Ref: 101 48) With respect to knowledge, younger adolescents are likely to maintain that A) there are meaningful ways to choose among different viewpoints. B) different people see things differently, and each viewpoint is as valid as the next. C) there is a correct viewpoint, which authorities either know or can find out. D) only a few people with special talents are able really to know. Answer: B Page Ref: 102 49) The process of analyzing what you know, deciding if it is correct and relevant, and coordinating it with other knowledge is known as A) self analysis. B) reflective formalism. C) critical thinking. D) cognitive self regulation. Answer: C Page Ref: 103 50) A focus on giving the right answer to questions is likely to get in the way of adolescents developing A) rote learning. B) critical thinking. C) automatization. D) epistemological objectivism. Answer: B Page Ref: 103 Essay Questions 1) What would you say are the most important developments in adolescent thinking from the perspective of Piaget's work? How do these developments show themselves? Give examples. Answer: Those in the stage of formal operations are able to reason about abstract propositions and to think hypothetically. They are better able to think inductively and deductively and to understand multiple meanings and perspectives. They are also more likely to use metacognition, that is, to reflect upon their own thinking processes. 2) Sharon, 14, refuses to join her parents on a trip to the beach because her new bathing suit is in the laundry and her old one has a small discoloration. From the point of view of cognitive development, why might Sharon be so concerned? Answer: According to Elkind, teens have difficulty separating their own perspective from that of others, in what he calls adolescent egocentrism. Sharon is reacting to an imaginary audience, believing that everyone at the beach will notice her blotched bathing suit and laugh at her. 3) Prof. Nathanyahu says that the changes in thinking that take place in moving from childhood to adolescence are like replacing a 10-year-old computer with a new one. What sorts of changes is she probably referring to, and why are they important? Answer: From an information processing perspective, adolescents are better able to direct attention to relevant information, block out irrelevant information, keep more information active, and process it faster than children can. 4) Mallala gets high grades, but constantly blunders when dealing with friends. Jordan is a below-average student, but a top student politician. What approach to intelligence might help us understand these contrasts? Answer: Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that Mallala is high in analytic but low in practical intelligence, while Jordan is just the opposite. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, similarly, would suggest that Mallala is high in linguistic and/or logical intelligence and low in interpersonal intelligence, while Jordan is the opposite. 5) What are the important elements of critical thinking, and how do they improve during adolescence? Answer: Critical thinking involves analyzing what you know, deciding if it is relevant, and coordinating it with other things you know. According to Keating, its components are conceptual flexibility, reflective thinking, and cognitive self-regulation. Adolescents are better at this because they know more, can think about multiple aspects of a problem, and realize that knowledge is relative and uncertain.