Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 17th Edition By Conrad Kottak - Test Bank

CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What is anthropology? A. the art of ethnography B. the study of long-term physiological adaptation C. the study of the stages of social evolution D. the humanistic investigation of myths in nonindustrial societies E. the study of humans around the world and through time Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 2. A holistic and comparative perspective A. makes general anthropology superior to sociocultural anthropology. B. refers only to the cultural aspects of human diversity that anthropologists study. C. makes anthropology an interesting field of study, but too broad of one to apply to real problems people face today. D. most characterizes anthropology when compared to other disciplines that study humans. E. is the hallmark of all social sciences, not just anthropology. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 3. As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. B. have made some human groups more cultured than others. C. prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. D. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. E. are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4. Which of the following is NOT true about culture? A. Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B. Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. C. Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D. Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. E. Culture is passed on from generation to generation. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 5. What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A. acculturation B. ethnology C. enculturation D. ethnography E. biological adaptation Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 6. This chapter’s description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A. human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. B. how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. C. how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. D. how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. E. the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments. Answer: A Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7. The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A. short-term physiological adaptation B. culturaladaptation C. symbolicadaptation D. genetic adaptation E. long-term physiological adaptation Answer: E Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation 8. Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? A. cultural means of adaptation B. biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research C. a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving D. social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action E. technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality Answer: A Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation 9. Today’s global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge? A. Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology’s traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find. B. According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), “The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances.” C. A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult. D. Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable. E. Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology. Answer: B Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes how cultural forces constantly mold human biology? A. cultural genetics perspective B. bioculturalperspective C. psychologicalanthropologicalperspective D. holistic perspective E. scientific–humanistic perspective Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 11. What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? A. medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology B. archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D. genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics E. primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 12. Anthropologists’ early interest in Native North Americans A. is unique to European anthropology. B. was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology. C. proved early on that culture is a function of race. D. is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S. E. was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 13. How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified? A. Each subfield studies human variation through time and space. B. Each subfield studies the human capacity for language. C. Eachsubfieldstudieshumanbiologicalvariability. D. Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space. E. The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 14. What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share? A. There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail. B. A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography. C. We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society. D. Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions. E. A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 15. Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in A. factories. B. thetropics. C. thethirdworld. D. former colonies. E. all kinds of societies. Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 16. Ethnography is the A. study of biological adaptability. B. preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research. C. fieldwork component of cultural anthropology. D. cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology. E. generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 17. Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity’s beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued A. against treating cultures as isolated phenomena. B. that even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare. C. that language must have originated among the Neandertals. D. that biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity. E. that general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 18. What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work? A. ethnography B. datacollection C. ethnology D. fieldwork E. data entry Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 19. Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how A. archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples. B. Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major. C. archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline’s focus on studying prehistory. D. archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people. E. training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 20. Which of the following best describes biological anthropology? A. the study of language and linguistic diversity B. the study of public health C. the study of human biological diversity D. the study of biology through material remains E. the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 21. Primatology is a specialty within A. linguistic anthropology. B. biologicalanthropology. C. culturalanthropology. D. applied anthropology. E. anthropological archaeology. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 22. Linguistic anthropology A. is a research strategy of biological anthropologists studying the emergence of language among nonhuman primates. B. relies heavily on the methods of phrenology. C. includes sociolinguistics, descriptive linguistics, and the study of the biological basis for speech. D. includes cultural anthropology and paleoecology. E. has securely dated the origin of hominid language. Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 23. The American Anthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service role by recognizing that anthropology has which two dimensions? A. academic anthropology and applied anthropology B. ethnology and public ethnography C. cultural resource management and medical anthropology D. private anthropology and public anthropology E. applied anthropology and practicing anthropology Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 24. Applied anthropology A. originated at the same time that anthropology’s four-field approach became established among early twentieth-century U.S. academics. B. has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association. C. encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. D. focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills. E. is a European phenomenon. Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 25. During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert’s role is best described as A. sociological anthropology. B. biologicalanthropology. C. sociolinguistics. D. cultural resource management. E. historic preservation. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 26. Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because A. its main object of study is humans. B. of its fundamental respect for human diversity. C. its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities. D. the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature. E. it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: B Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 27. Anthropology may improve psychological studies of human behavior by contributing A. examples of primitive thinking from tribal societies. B. nothing, since anthropology focuses on culture and psychology concentrates on personality. C. prehistoricanalysis. D. a humanistic approach to psychology. E. a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology. Answer: E Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 28. If an anthropologist proposes an explanation for something but it has yet to be verified, he or she has made A. an association. B. ageneralization. C. atheory. D. a law. E. a hypothesis. Answer: E Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 30. Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 29. Which of the following statements about theories is the most accurate? A. Theories refer to a covariation of variables. B. Theories are untested explanations for something. C. Theories provide explanations for associations. D. Theories state a uniform association between two variables. E. Theories are generalizations that are universally valid. Answer: C 31. Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. Answer: True Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation 32. Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. Answer: True Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 33. Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate and topography. Answer: True Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation 34. Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 35. Ethnography involves the collection of data that is used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 36. Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 37. Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 38. Biological anthropologists study only human bones. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 39. As an academic discipline, anthropology falls under both the social sciences and the humanities. Answer: True Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 40. The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. Answer: False Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 41. Psychologists tend to study only people living in the non-Western world, so anthropology has very little to offer to this field. Answer: False Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 42. Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. Answer: False Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 43. Theories must be proved correct before they can be accepted. Answer: False Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 44. In the social sciences, associations are usually probable rather than absolute. Answer: True Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 45. According to this chapter’s “Focus on Globalization,” American baseball appears to be more ethnically diverse than American football or basketball. Answer: True Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology ESSAY QUESTIONS 46. This chapter begins with a bold claim: Anthropologists study human beings wherever and whenever they find them. Yet there are limits to when and where anthropologists can carry out their work. Can you think of any? How might your consideration of these limits affect how you would design an anthropological study? Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 47. What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture? Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 48. What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the “four-field” approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes? Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology 49. This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally? Learning Objective: Remember the four primary types of human adaptation and explain their significance. Topic: Types of human adaptation 50. What does biocultural perspective refer to? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? Learning Objective: Understand what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Topic: Defining anthropology Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 51. This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology and psychology. What about history? Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science 52. What is medical anthropology? What impact has globalization had on culturally specific syndromes, which are well-known to anthropology? Use the case of anorexia in Hong Kong, discussed in the chapter, as an example. Learning Objective: Understand the four subfields of anthropology, including distinguishing between ethnography and ethnology. Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology 53. In this chapter, John Whiting’s research regarding the postpartum taboo is used to illustrate the application of the scientific method in an anthropological study. Describe theories, associations, and explanations, using his research as an example. Learning Objective: Describe anthropology as a social science, including its integration of scientific and humanistic perspectives and its application of the scientific method. Topic: Anthropology as a social science Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. CHAPTER 2 CULTURE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Culture A. is the exclusive domain of the elite. B. is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation. C. is being destroyed by electronic media. D. developed among nonhuman primates around 10,000 years ago. E. is more developed in industrial nations than among hunters and gatherers. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 2. Which of the following statements about enculturation is NOT true? A. It occurs through a process of conscious and unconscious learning. B. It results in internalization of a cultural tradition. C. It may involve direct teaching. D. It is the exchange of cultural features that results when two or more groups come into consistent firsthand contact. E. It is the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 3. Regarding human capacity for culture, anthropologists agree that A. although women and men both share the emotional and intellectual capacities for culture, at the population level there is less variability in these capacities among men than among women. B. although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture. C. although an individual’s genetic endowment does not affect that person’s ability to learn cultural traditions, it does affect his or her capacity to change culture creatively. D. because human populations differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, the ability to learn culture differs among societies. E. both mental abilities and mental disabilities are evenly distributed among individuals of all cultures. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Topic: Defining culture 4. Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when our ancestors acquired the ability to use symbols. What is a symbol? A. a distinctive or unique cultural trait, pattern, or integration that can be translated into other cultures B. any element within a culture that distinguishes it from other cultures, precisely because it is difficult to translate C. something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else, with no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which it stands D. a linguistic sign within a particular language that comes to stand for something else in another language E. something verbal or nonverbal with a non-arbitrary association with what it symbolizes Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 5. What does it mean to say that humans use culture instrumentally? A. People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction. B. People use culture to develop artistic endeavors, including musical instruments and visual arts. C. People use culture to advance civilization. D. Culture is a human construct. E. Culture is instrumental in the creation of societies. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 6. What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared? A. Culture is an attribute of particular individuals. B. Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups. C. Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions. D. Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual. E. Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7. People in the United States sometimes have trouble understanding the power of culture because of the value that American culture places on the idea of the individual. Yet in American culture, A. individualism is a distinctive commercial value, a feature of capitalist culture shared only by the business elite. B. the cult of individualism is truly shared only by the country’s atheist minority. C. individualism is a distinctive shared value, a feature of culture. D. individualism is a distinctive shared value, a result of genetic enculturation. E. individualism is something people talk about but don’t practice, because it is not really part of their culture. Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 8. People have to eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example of how A. culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways. B. biologydominatesculture. C. wearealljustunculturedanimals. D. individuals are powerless to alter the strong relationship between nature and culture. E. “human nature” is a cultural construction, an idea we have in our minds that has nothing to do with true nature. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 9. Something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else is known as a A. transmitter. B. symbol. C. taboo. D. substitute. E. talisman. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10. Which of the following statements about culture is NOT true? A. It has an evolutionary basis. B. It is acquired by all humans, as members of society, through enculturation. C. It encompasses rule-governed, shared, symbol-based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across the generations. D. Everyone is cultured. E. It is transmitted genetically. Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 11. Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive. It is maladaptive when A. it exhibits cultural traits that are not shared with the majority of the group. B. it threatens the core values of a culture that guarantee its integration. C. cultural traits diminish the survival of particular individuals but not others. D. cultural traits, patterns, and inventions disrupt the world economy, causing international discontent. E. cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group’s continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence. Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 12. The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back perhaps 3 million years. This date corresponds to A. the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa. B. earlytoolmakers,whoseproductssurviveinthearchaeologicalrecord. C. a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity. D. the advent of anatomically modern primates. E. evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13. Why does this chapter on culture include a section that describes similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives? A. to emphasize culture’s evolutionary basis B. to better define culture as a capacity that distinguishes members of the zoological family hominidae from anatomically modern humans C. to stress that there is no such thing as human nature D. to promote the study of primatology, which has nothing to do with human culture E. to illustrate how evolution is just a theory Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 14. Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the following EXCEPT A. grasping ability. B. depth and color vision. C. learning ability based on a large brain. D. substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring. E. echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields. Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand the defining dimensions of culture, including the meaning of the statement that culture is learned, symbolic, shared, all-encompassing, and integrated. Topic: Defining culture 15. Which of the following is a mechanism of cultural change? A. cultural relativism B. ethnocentrism C. diffusion D. generational enculturation E. particularity Answer: C Learning Objective: Remember the ways in which people may avoid, subvert, and manipulate cultural “rules” and expectations, and how today’s anthropologists view and analyze those practices. Topic: Cultural rules and their anthropological analysis 16. Which of the following is a cultural generality? A. exogamy B. the use of fire C. theincesttaboo D. the use of symbols E. the nuclear family Answer: E Learning Objective: Understand cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 17. Which of the following LEAST explains the existence of cultural generalities? A. cultural borrowing B. globalization C. colonialism D. isolationism E. trade Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities 18. What are cultural particularities? A. traits isolated from other traits in the same culture B. traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others C. different levels of culture D. the most general aspect of culture patterns E. cultural traits of individuals rather than of groups Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities 19. All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a process EXCEPT A. analysis that attempts to establish boundaries between cultures. B. practicetheory. C. attention to agency in anthropological analysis. D. interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life. E. interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture. Answer: A Learning Objective: Remember the three levels of culture Kottak describes and why it is important to differentiate among them. Topic: Three levels of culture 20. What process is most responsible for the existence of international culture? A. ethnocentrism B. culturalrelativism C. dendriticacculturation D. gene flow E. cultural diffusion Answer: E Learning Objective: Remember the three levels of culture Kottak describes and why it is important to differentiate among them. Topic: Three levels of culture Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 21. Which of the following statements about subcultures is NOT true? A. Subcultures exemplify “levels of culture.” B. Subcultureshavedifferentlearningexperiences. C. Subcultureshavesharedlearningexperiences. D. Subcultures may originate in ethnicity, class, region, or religion. E. Subcultures are mutually exclusive; individuals may not participate in more than one subculture. Answer: E Learning Objective: Remember the three levels of culture Kottak describes and why it is important to differentiate among them. Topic: Three levels of culture 22. The Makah, a tribe that lives near the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the Olympic Peninsula, see themselves as whalers and continue to identify themselves spiritually with whales. Their ongoing struggle to maintain their traditional way of life, which involves whale hunting, demonstrates how A. some indigenous communities are able to isolate themselves from national and international politics despite continuous threat from outsiders. B. indigenous communities do not understand the threat their activities pose to endangered species. C. contemporary law is useless in solving disputes with indigenous communities. D. contemporary indigenous groups have to grapple with multiple levels of culture, contestation, and political regulation. E. animals do not have rights. Answer: D Learning Objective: Remember the three levels of culture Kottak describes and why it is important to differentiate among them. Topic: Three levels of culture 23. The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to use one’s own standards and values in judging others is called A. patriotism. B. ethnocentrism. C. moralrelativism. D. cultural relativism. E. illiteracy. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights. Topic: Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism anthropology appreciating human diversity - test bank, anthropology appreciating human diversity, anthropology appreciating human diversity 19th edition, anthropology appreciating human diversity 17th edition pdf free, anthropology appreciating human diversity 18th edition pdf reddit, cultural anthropology appreciating cultural diversity,