Anyone who behaves differently 1)Deviation 2)Statistical Anyone whose thoughts & behaviours
from social norms (Behavioural from social infrequency rare (e.g. outliers on normal distributio
rules considered acceptable in a norms
group/ society. Some are implicit 3)Failure to Anyone who can’t cope wit
e.g. no laughing at a funeral, others Definitions of function Rosenhan & Seligman crite
abnormality adequately Maladaptiveness (behaviour
are policed by laws e.g. no crime)
life goals and good well being
Anyone who behaves differently from ideal mental heath. Marie 4)Deviation (behaviour that makes no sen
Jahoda (1958) criteria of IMH; Self attitudes (high self esteem from ideal Unpredictability (impulsive u
& identity), Personal growth (Self actualise), Integration mental behaviour), Observer discom
(coping w/ stress), Accurate perception of reality, Autonomy health that makes others feel uneas
(independent), mastery of the environment (work, love & leisure) (affected by emotion to an ex
1)Easy to use/4)Practical applications- It’s easy 1)&2)Label is not useful- Some abnormal behaviours such as a m
for a psychologist to identify when behaviour skirt is regarded as eccentric and others such as talking to an invi
breaks an unwritten or written rule/which regarded as a mental disorder/Someone with a low IQ may be liv
E
criteria they don’t meet, so that they can be fulfilled life (no distress & capable of working) so wouldn’t need t
v
treated and recover- increases validity of the of intellectually disabled as it may lead to stigma (negative view),
a
claim about abnormality since it helps treat needs to be understood in context– decreases generalisability sin
l
ment be targeted & more effective- therefore… predictive/oversimplistic view of others- therefore…
u 3)&4) Subjective criteria- It’s not clear h
is an effective way of defining abnormality
a 2)&3)Scientific method- Clinician uses stats to measure normal features of failure have to be in order to
t behaviour e.g. IQ distribution curve to identify outliers/Uses the ‘global It’s impossible to scientifically test if so
i assessment of functioning scale’ to rate ones social, occupational and ‘accurate perception of reality’, so clinic
o psychological state (quant data) to establish cause effect, research is judgement of criteria is open to interpr
n empirical & objective- increases reliability since it can consistently bias- decreases validity since diagnoses
produce the same results so it has led to scientific progress- therefore… unreliable (over or under predictive)- th
,Anxiety disorder- High levels arise from a Mood disorder- sadness & lack of inter
stimulus, interferes with normal living Phobias Depression
Behavioural; Change in activity levels (&
Behavioural; Panic (cry, scream, run, freeze, tiredness), Disruption of sleep and eatin
cling etc), Avoidance (minutely avoids contact appetite & sleep e.g. insomnia), Self har
w/ stimulus), Endurance (high anxiety as they Characteristics of
disorders (verbally & physically aggressive at self a
remain in the presence of stimulus)
Emotional; Lowered mood (lack of pleasure in no
Emotional; Anxiety (high arousal prevents relaxation &
Anger (feelings of hurt & retaliation are directed
positive emotions), Being Unreasonable (strong emotional
or inwards), Lowered self esteem (worthless, hop
response disproportionate to the posed danger) Cognitive; Negative dwelling (bias of situations ne
Cognitive; Selective attention (hard to stop looking & thinking unhappy events), Errors of thinking (either v good
about stimulus), Irrational beliefs (resists rational arguments), concentration (cant stick with task or make decisio
Cognitive distortion (distorted perception of stimulus)
Anxiety disorder- High levels arise from obse
Flooding- No graduation of stimulus, avoidance Obsessive (persistent thoughts) & compulsions (repetiti
isn’t an option so that the highest fear is comp Behavioural/actions; Compulsions (reduces o
confronted/reality tested immediately. Fear ulsive created anxiety), Avoidance (avoids contact w
responses have a time limit, as adrenaline levels disorder Emotional/feelings; Anxiety, worry & distress (
decrease a new link can be learned between behaviour is excessive so they feel ashamed &
stimulus & relaxation as they learn its harmless Cognitive/thoughts; Obsessive thoughts (recurrent, intrusive), In
(extinction). excessive anxiety (recognises it’s a product of the mind but feels
Ev Cost effective- Ourgin (2011) compared flooding to CBT and found Flooding isn’t suitable for all phobias- S
al it to be quicker at removing phobias (1 session of 2 to 3hrs are more complex due to its cognitive a
ua compared to 6 to 12 sessions of 1hr)- increases validity of the claim only anxiety but unpleasant thoughts),
ti about flooding since it has a good recovery rate and so its cheaper- more from CBT that tackles irrational be
on therefore… flooding is an effective treatment for phobias validity since it has a limited use- theref
from social norms (Behavioural from social infrequency rare (e.g. outliers on normal distributio
rules considered acceptable in a norms
group/ society. Some are implicit 3)Failure to Anyone who can’t cope wit
e.g. no laughing at a funeral, others Definitions of function Rosenhan & Seligman crite
abnormality adequately Maladaptiveness (behaviour
are policed by laws e.g. no crime)
life goals and good well being
Anyone who behaves differently from ideal mental heath. Marie 4)Deviation (behaviour that makes no sen
Jahoda (1958) criteria of IMH; Self attitudes (high self esteem from ideal Unpredictability (impulsive u
& identity), Personal growth (Self actualise), Integration mental behaviour), Observer discom
(coping w/ stress), Accurate perception of reality, Autonomy health that makes others feel uneas
(independent), mastery of the environment (work, love & leisure) (affected by emotion to an ex
1)Easy to use/4)Practical applications- It’s easy 1)&2)Label is not useful- Some abnormal behaviours such as a m
for a psychologist to identify when behaviour skirt is regarded as eccentric and others such as talking to an invi
breaks an unwritten or written rule/which regarded as a mental disorder/Someone with a low IQ may be liv
E
criteria they don’t meet, so that they can be fulfilled life (no distress & capable of working) so wouldn’t need t
v
treated and recover- increases validity of the of intellectually disabled as it may lead to stigma (negative view),
a
claim about abnormality since it helps treat needs to be understood in context– decreases generalisability sin
l
ment be targeted & more effective- therefore… predictive/oversimplistic view of others- therefore…
u 3)&4) Subjective criteria- It’s not clear h
is an effective way of defining abnormality
a 2)&3)Scientific method- Clinician uses stats to measure normal features of failure have to be in order to
t behaviour e.g. IQ distribution curve to identify outliers/Uses the ‘global It’s impossible to scientifically test if so
i assessment of functioning scale’ to rate ones social, occupational and ‘accurate perception of reality’, so clinic
o psychological state (quant data) to establish cause effect, research is judgement of criteria is open to interpr
n empirical & objective- increases reliability since it can consistently bias- decreases validity since diagnoses
produce the same results so it has led to scientific progress- therefore… unreliable (over or under predictive)- th
,Anxiety disorder- High levels arise from a Mood disorder- sadness & lack of inter
stimulus, interferes with normal living Phobias Depression
Behavioural; Change in activity levels (&
Behavioural; Panic (cry, scream, run, freeze, tiredness), Disruption of sleep and eatin
cling etc), Avoidance (minutely avoids contact appetite & sleep e.g. insomnia), Self har
w/ stimulus), Endurance (high anxiety as they Characteristics of
disorders (verbally & physically aggressive at self a
remain in the presence of stimulus)
Emotional; Lowered mood (lack of pleasure in no
Emotional; Anxiety (high arousal prevents relaxation &
Anger (feelings of hurt & retaliation are directed
positive emotions), Being Unreasonable (strong emotional
or inwards), Lowered self esteem (worthless, hop
response disproportionate to the posed danger) Cognitive; Negative dwelling (bias of situations ne
Cognitive; Selective attention (hard to stop looking & thinking unhappy events), Errors of thinking (either v good
about stimulus), Irrational beliefs (resists rational arguments), concentration (cant stick with task or make decisio
Cognitive distortion (distorted perception of stimulus)
Anxiety disorder- High levels arise from obse
Flooding- No graduation of stimulus, avoidance Obsessive (persistent thoughts) & compulsions (repetiti
isn’t an option so that the highest fear is comp Behavioural/actions; Compulsions (reduces o
confronted/reality tested immediately. Fear ulsive created anxiety), Avoidance (avoids contact w
responses have a time limit, as adrenaline levels disorder Emotional/feelings; Anxiety, worry & distress (
decrease a new link can be learned between behaviour is excessive so they feel ashamed &
stimulus & relaxation as they learn its harmless Cognitive/thoughts; Obsessive thoughts (recurrent, intrusive), In
(extinction). excessive anxiety (recognises it’s a product of the mind but feels
Ev Cost effective- Ourgin (2011) compared flooding to CBT and found Flooding isn’t suitable for all phobias- S
al it to be quicker at removing phobias (1 session of 2 to 3hrs are more complex due to its cognitive a
ua compared to 6 to 12 sessions of 1hr)- increases validity of the claim only anxiety but unpleasant thoughts),
ti about flooding since it has a good recovery rate and so its cheaper- more from CBT that tackles irrational be
on therefore… flooding is an effective treatment for phobias validity since it has a limited use- theref
