Holistic free-will. Assumes the self ultimately shapes human behaviour, we can
choose how we react to things and conduct ourselves. We are affected by
constraints (laws/social roles) but we can choose how to respond.
Deterministic:
Biological approach assumes human behaviour results from biological
processes which we have no control over. Its biologically determinist. Its
applications are mainly drug treatments to alter the biological processes
behind our behaviour for example typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine alters
dopamine levels which are thought to reduce symptoms of hallucinations.
Behaviourist is environmentally determinist as it assumes our behaviour is
caused by previous experiences learned through CC and OC, proposing our
environment is responsible for our actions. e.g. that’s how phobias develop.
Cog approach assumes our behaviour results from cognitive processes in the
brain but we have a final say on how we choose to act – soft determinism as it
recognises our cognitive system can only operate within the limits of what we
know, but we are free to think before responding to a stimulus.
SLT assumes behaviour is learned and reinforced by others, soft determinism.
Bandura emphasises that we are influenced by our environment and exert an
influence through how we choose to behave. Takes into account freewill which
is a more realistic and flexible understanding than the behaviourist approach,
as it recognises the role we play in shaping our own lives.
Psychodynamic psychic determinism as assumes behaviour results from
experiences of childhood and unconscious thoughts (ID, ego, SE) e.g. We are
determined to have relationship issues if we have had a poor attachment to a
caregiver when we were younger (IWM).
, Nature vs nurture:
biological nature - an assumption of the biological approach is that everything
psychological is at first biological. It focuses on how genetics influences human
behaviour specifically looking at genotype and phenotypes. Genotype is the
genetic makeup of a person e.g. eye colour. Phenotype is behavioural and
physical characteristics which is influenced by the environment. Often using
twin studies to demonstrate the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic
basis due to high concordant rates, e.g. MZ twins having a 48% chance of
developing schiz vs 17% for DZ they would argue is a result of genetics,
considering that MZ twins share 100% of their genes. But there is a
confounding variable in that they are both exposed to similar environments.
This means findings could be interpreted as nurture too. Also ignores diathesis
stress model.
humanistic - supports nature (natural tendency to self-actualise) with our 3
selves. But also nurture (relationship with parents and others) influences our
ability to self-actualise, explaining why Rogerian counselling offers
unconditional positive regard and the impact this has on ability to self-
actualise.
Behaviourist Takes a nurture approach, humans are born w a blank slate and
their experiences of their environment determines behaviour. E.g. little albert
phobia acquisition. Little Albert with a white rat showed no fear. But when
presented the rat with a loud bang that startled Little Albert and made him cry.
After the continuous association of the white rat and loud noise, Little Albert
was classically conditioned to experience fear at the sight of the rat. Albert’s
fear generalized to other stimuli that were similar to the rat.
Both - takes an interactionist view of the debate as it argues that our
behaviour is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) which creates
schema, but also by some of our brains’ innate capacities as information
processors e.g., language acquisition (nature).
SLT nurture, highlights importance of environment in shaping our behaviour as
behaviour is learnt through observation of a role model and them imitating
through the mediational processes. Criticised for ignoring role of biological
factors in some findings.
Both – Freud saw behaviour as driven by biological drives e.g. unconscious
mind and developing DM during latency stage due to ego, but relationships
choose how we react to things and conduct ourselves. We are affected by
constraints (laws/social roles) but we can choose how to respond.
Deterministic:
Biological approach assumes human behaviour results from biological
processes which we have no control over. Its biologically determinist. Its
applications are mainly drug treatments to alter the biological processes
behind our behaviour for example typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine alters
dopamine levels which are thought to reduce symptoms of hallucinations.
Behaviourist is environmentally determinist as it assumes our behaviour is
caused by previous experiences learned through CC and OC, proposing our
environment is responsible for our actions. e.g. that’s how phobias develop.
Cog approach assumes our behaviour results from cognitive processes in the
brain but we have a final say on how we choose to act – soft determinism as it
recognises our cognitive system can only operate within the limits of what we
know, but we are free to think before responding to a stimulus.
SLT assumes behaviour is learned and reinforced by others, soft determinism.
Bandura emphasises that we are influenced by our environment and exert an
influence through how we choose to behave. Takes into account freewill which
is a more realistic and flexible understanding than the behaviourist approach,
as it recognises the role we play in shaping our own lives.
Psychodynamic psychic determinism as assumes behaviour results from
experiences of childhood and unconscious thoughts (ID, ego, SE) e.g. We are
determined to have relationship issues if we have had a poor attachment to a
caregiver when we were younger (IWM).
, Nature vs nurture:
biological nature - an assumption of the biological approach is that everything
psychological is at first biological. It focuses on how genetics influences human
behaviour specifically looking at genotype and phenotypes. Genotype is the
genetic makeup of a person e.g. eye colour. Phenotype is behavioural and
physical characteristics which is influenced by the environment. Often using
twin studies to demonstrate the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic
basis due to high concordant rates, e.g. MZ twins having a 48% chance of
developing schiz vs 17% for DZ they would argue is a result of genetics,
considering that MZ twins share 100% of their genes. But there is a
confounding variable in that they are both exposed to similar environments.
This means findings could be interpreted as nurture too. Also ignores diathesis
stress model.
humanistic - supports nature (natural tendency to self-actualise) with our 3
selves. But also nurture (relationship with parents and others) influences our
ability to self-actualise, explaining why Rogerian counselling offers
unconditional positive regard and the impact this has on ability to self-
actualise.
Behaviourist Takes a nurture approach, humans are born w a blank slate and
their experiences of their environment determines behaviour. E.g. little albert
phobia acquisition. Little Albert with a white rat showed no fear. But when
presented the rat with a loud bang that startled Little Albert and made him cry.
After the continuous association of the white rat and loud noise, Little Albert
was classically conditioned to experience fear at the sight of the rat. Albert’s
fear generalized to other stimuli that were similar to the rat.
Both - takes an interactionist view of the debate as it argues that our
behaviour is influenced by learning and experience (nurture) which creates
schema, but also by some of our brains’ innate capacities as information
processors e.g., language acquisition (nature).
SLT nurture, highlights importance of environment in shaping our behaviour as
behaviour is learnt through observation of a role model and them imitating
through the mediational processes. Criticised for ignoring role of biological
factors in some findings.
Both – Freud saw behaviour as driven by biological drives e.g. unconscious
mind and developing DM during latency stage due to ego, but relationships
