Paper 1: Memory
, Coding: Format in which information is stored in Capacity: The amount of Duration: length of time information can be held in various memory stores
various memory stores information that can be stored in
various memory stores Research on duration (STM)
Research on Coding (Baddely) - Study conducted by Peterson and Peterson who tested duration of STM on 24
- Ppt took part in 4 conditions where they had to Research on capacity (Miller) ppt who took part in 8 trials
remember different word lists - Miller observed the most things - They were give a constant trigram to remember and a 3-digit number
- Condition 1: Acoustically similar words come in sevens and so - They were then told to count back from this number until told to stop
- Condition 2: Acoustically dissimilar words concluded that the capacity of - Depending on the trial they were told to stop after: 3,6,9,12,15,18, or 30
- Condition 3: Semantically similar words our STM is 7 plus of minus 2 seconds and asked to recall their consonant syllable
- Condition 4: Semantically dissimilar words - He also observed that we can - Findings: after 18 seconds only 10% of the trigram was correctly recalled
- When recalling the list right away (STM) ppt recall 5 words as well a 5
struggled with acoustically similar words letters and suggested we do
- When recalling them after a 20 min interval this by chunking (grouping sets Research of duration (LTM)
(LTM) ppt struggled with the semantically - Study by Bahrick who conducted his study by looking
of digits or letters)
similar word list at how accurate out LTM for two conditions: Photo
- This suggested that coding in the STM is recognition and free name recall
acoustic and coding in LTM is semantic - In the study there was 392 ppt who were aged 17 to 74
Coding, Capacity, Duration from Ohio and had graduated high school
Evaluation (Artificial Stimuli) - When he tested photo recognition those who had
- Weakness is that he use artificial world list with graduated within 15 years where 90% accurate and
no personal meaning to ppt those who had graduated after 48 years where 70%
- This makes findings less generalisable because accurate
it doesn’t reflect how memory is coded in real - When he tested free name recall those who had
life Research on capacity (Jacobs digit span) graduated within 15 years were 60% accurate while
- However some may argue that artificial world - Gave ppt a set of digit and asked them those who had graduated after 48 years were 30%
list were used to isolate this specific type of to recall it accurate
memory and avoid any extraneous or - If successful another digit was added - This shows that memories can last for up to a lifetime
confounding variables until ppt could no longer recall it in the in the LTM store
- Despite this its still a weakness because it correct order
Short-term
lacks effectiveness
memory (STM) in explaining coding in real - He found that the mean for digit span Evaluation (high ecological validity)
- life
Has a limited capacity. Research was 9.3 for numbers and for letters was - Bahrick’s study had high ecological validity because he
suggests it can only hold 5 to 9 items 7.3 actually tested a real life situation and ppt who had
at once actually graduated
- Coding in the STM is acoustic Evaluation (lacking validity) - This is a strength because it means that the findings of
(Baddeley) - Jacobs study was done a long time ago his study are generalisable to how memory duration
- Duration in STM is 18-30 seconds - Therefore there may have been works in real life
confounding variables since his study - This means the study has real-world application making
lacked adequate control it a useful study when looking at the duration of LTM
Long-term memory (LTM) - This makes his findings less reliable - However, some may argue that the downside of having
- Unlimited capacity store - However later replications of his studies high ecological validity is the fact that there may have
- Coding in the LTM is semantic still suggest a similar outcome been confounding variables such as ppt looking at their
(Baddeley) increasing the credibility of his study yearbooks over the years which would make this study
- The duration of LTM is long – research - Despite this the lack of control make less trustworthy
has suggested memories can last up to the study less trustworthy - Despite this its still a strength because the real world
, Coding: Format in which information is stored in Capacity: The amount of Duration: length of time information can be held in various memory stores
various memory stores information that can be stored in
various memory stores Research on duration (STM)
Research on Coding (Baddely) - Study conducted by Peterson and Peterson who tested duration of STM on 24
- Ppt took part in 4 conditions where they had to Research on capacity (Miller) ppt who took part in 8 trials
remember different word lists - Miller observed the most things - They were give a constant trigram to remember and a 3-digit number
- Condition 1: Acoustically similar words come in sevens and so - They were then told to count back from this number until told to stop
- Condition 2: Acoustically dissimilar words concluded that the capacity of - Depending on the trial they were told to stop after: 3,6,9,12,15,18, or 30
- Condition 3: Semantically similar words our STM is 7 plus of minus 2 seconds and asked to recall their consonant syllable
- Condition 4: Semantically dissimilar words - He also observed that we can - Findings: after 18 seconds only 10% of the trigram was correctly recalled
- When recalling the list right away (STM) ppt recall 5 words as well a 5
struggled with acoustically similar words letters and suggested we do
- When recalling them after a 20 min interval this by chunking (grouping sets Research of duration (LTM)
(LTM) ppt struggled with the semantically - Study by Bahrick who conducted his study by looking
of digits or letters)
similar word list at how accurate out LTM for two conditions: Photo
- This suggested that coding in the STM is recognition and free name recall
acoustic and coding in LTM is semantic - In the study there was 392 ppt who were aged 17 to 74
Coding, Capacity, Duration from Ohio and had graduated high school
Evaluation (Artificial Stimuli) - When he tested photo recognition those who had
- Weakness is that he use artificial world list with graduated within 15 years where 90% accurate and
no personal meaning to ppt those who had graduated after 48 years where 70%
- This makes findings less generalisable because accurate
it doesn’t reflect how memory is coded in real - When he tested free name recall those who had
life Research on capacity (Jacobs digit span) graduated within 15 years were 60% accurate while
- However some may argue that artificial world - Gave ppt a set of digit and asked them those who had graduated after 48 years were 30%
list were used to isolate this specific type of to recall it accurate
memory and avoid any extraneous or - If successful another digit was added - This shows that memories can last for up to a lifetime
confounding variables until ppt could no longer recall it in the in the LTM store
- Despite this its still a weakness because it correct order
Short-term
lacks effectiveness
memory (STM) in explaining coding in real - He found that the mean for digit span Evaluation (high ecological validity)
- life
Has a limited capacity. Research was 9.3 for numbers and for letters was - Bahrick’s study had high ecological validity because he
suggests it can only hold 5 to 9 items 7.3 actually tested a real life situation and ppt who had
at once actually graduated
- Coding in the STM is acoustic Evaluation (lacking validity) - This is a strength because it means that the findings of
(Baddeley) - Jacobs study was done a long time ago his study are generalisable to how memory duration
- Duration in STM is 18-30 seconds - Therefore there may have been works in real life
confounding variables since his study - This means the study has real-world application making
lacked adequate control it a useful study when looking at the duration of LTM
Long-term memory (LTM) - This makes his findings less reliable - However, some may argue that the downside of having
- Unlimited capacity store - However later replications of his studies high ecological validity is the fact that there may have
- Coding in the LTM is semantic still suggest a similar outcome been confounding variables such as ppt looking at their
(Baddeley) increasing the credibility of his study yearbooks over the years which would make this study
- The duration of LTM is long – research - Despite this the lack of control make less trustworthy
has suggested memories can last up to the study less trustworthy - Despite this its still a strength because the real world
