Mumbai: Urbanisation Los Angeles: Suburbanisation St Ives:Counter urbanisation NYC Highline: Urban resurgence
Definition: The movement of people Definition: The movement of people to the cities Definition: Moving away from urban areas into Definition: The movement of people from
from rural to urban areas (countryside to from the suburbs causing urban sprawl. rural areas, usually commuter settlements. rural areas to urban areas after previously
city) Why is it suburbanised? Causes: living in urban areas, due to change.
Pull: job opportunities, access to - Creation of cars and roads, so people could - Cheaper housing Causes:
healthcare/facilities, access to basic move away from the city and have bigger and - A safer place to bring up children - Improved infrastructure
needs e.g. sewage and toilets. cheaper houses outside of the city while being - Working from home - Better education facilities in the area
Push: Pollution, overpopulation, and able to travel into the CBD too. - After a period of decline, areas are re-
- Being able to commute into city but live rural
reduction in agriculture which is - The development of Hollywood brought high- - Increased personal car ownership/ease of developed to make them more attractive.
essential for the population. income actors and directors to the suburbs travel. - Causing Gentricfication
Facts: where they began to live. Impacts:
- 73,000 people per km2 Challenges: Impact on local people: - Wealthier people move back into the
- 50% of population live in slums - Urban sprawl, uncontrolled the city keeps - Double in house prices, some have been expensive re-developed area, while poor
- 1000 migrants a day come to live in retreating removing natural land. Low-density forced out of town. people currently living there are forced out.
Mumbai housing in suburbs consumes lots of land. - New houses built on flood plains due to - Prices in the area increase.
- Mumbai urban railway takes 7.5 - Lack of affordable housing, CBD is too such high demand, and risk of flooding. - Many wealthy people who previously
million passengers to the city a day. expensive for the poor to live in so they are - General increase in all prices as wealthy moved from New York moved back to this
- Huge trading port in Mumbai. forced to be homeless. businesspeople can afford to pay more. area as it is now redeveloped and attractive.
- Lots of TNCs are creating their head - Social segregation, CBD is where poor and - Traffic congestion at rush hour. The New York Highline:
offices as it is an NEE and lots of homeless live as can’t afford to leave. Increase - Less economic growth as expected as - Previously a meatpacking/industrial
skilled tech workers live in Mumbai. in crime in the CBD. Beverly Hills VS Skid Row people just sleep there, don’t spend money district with trains running through the area
Challenges: - Doughnut city, large industries and people - The increase in families put pressure on - After over 540 people had been killed from
- Overcrowding, population density. moved to greenfield sites out of the city leaving schools. being run over by the trains, the area was
- Lots of pollution and poor air unemployed and immigrants in the centre. - Increase in new apartment blocks rented closed and left derelict.
quality = respiratory issues. Creating a hole where there is a decline in out for a high price that locals can't afford. - In 2009, the area was redeveloped where
- TNCs take advantage of low labour economic activity and attractiveness to live. - Council housing was built for locals as the New York Highline now sits. It’s an
costs. - Urban smog created by 10 million car owners they couldn’t afford their rent anymore. above-ground walkway with repurposed train
- Slums being destroyed, people creating congestion on highways. Only 10% of tracks from the meatpacking district.
move to others instead as there is a the population uses public transport. Solutions: Impacts:
lack of affordable housing. Solutions: - 200 new homes were built, 75 were - Large tourist attraction of New York that
Solutions: - New development of free/low-fare public affordable and aimed at people with lower attracts 8 Million people a year.
- Removing slums, replacing them transport to allow more people to use it and incomes. - House prices in the area have increased.
with permanent affordable housing reduce car dependency and pollution. - £9 million spent on flood protection, so - Inaccessible to lower-income people as it’s
instead of expensive flats that foreigners - Building of green areas on brownfield sites. new houses built on flood plains, will be full of costly apartments. Huge income
will buy. Encourage investment - Requirement of affordable housing on all new protected from future floods. inequality in the area.
- Building green spaces and areas. developments. - These apartments are often second homes
and not used for half the year.
, Megacity: Mumbai World City: Shanghai
Definition: A city with a population of 10 million people or more. Definition: Interconnected economic centres that significantly
Distribution of megacities: As the global population continues to influence the world economy. Often leaders of research, have great
increase and more people move to the city, more and more
megacities are created, most of them in Asia. China has 19. influence on other countries.
Population: 21.3M Distribution of World Cities: World cities are becoming more
Location: Western coast of India along the Arabian Sea, as a common as more cities develop from and have influence.
coastal city it is great for global trading. Shanghai:
Characteristics: Known as the ‘Gateway of India’ due to its large - Population 26 million
port. This attracts lots of FDI.
- Previously a fishing village, as Shanghai opened to foreign trade,
Challenges:
over 3 million people moved there.
- Half the population live in slums. Dharavi is a large slum.
- It has the world's biggest container port (offering thousands of
- Overpopulation and crowding create squatter settlements and
extremely poor living conditions. jobs) and has a huge influence on global and Chinese trade.
- Due to overcrowding, sanitation is poor, and diseases spread - It is also the largest trading centre in Asia
quickly and easily through the population. - It contains a financial district which attracts lots of FDI and TNCs
- Extreme pollution and urban smog due to the number of people - Shanghai also has the largest stock exchange in China, showing
using cars and motorbikes create constant traffic in the city and
lead to respiratory issues. even more global influence.
- Lack of green spaces and parks doesn’t help the pollution. - The city now attracts 300 million tourists a year.
- High-tech companies take advantage of cheap skilled labour, so - World cities are Agglomeration economies where firms cluster to
the rich and middle class grow their wealth while the poor stay poor. share public services and utilities, ensuring adequate hospitals,
- Resistance to the removal of slums and struggle in redeveloping schools and other public goods, and specialised labour forces, such
and improving the city.
- 1000 migrants enter the city every day from urbanisation on the as financial services in Shanghai.
lookout for a better lifestyle, jobs, facilities and opportunities. What makes London a world city?
Solutions: - Headquarters of global businesses (HSBC, Barclays, BP)
- Introduction of green areas and spaces. - Financial centre, stock exchange and banks.
- Removal of slums and squatter settlements, replacing it with - Decision power at a global level, lots of influence on other
affordable housing. countries. Countries use our decisions and laws for their own (ULEZ)
- Creating laws on motor vehicles and road usage to reduce - Major centre for communications and broadcasting.
pollution.
, Bengaluru in India is one of India’s growing Bengaluru: Economic Processes
cities. Mega/World City Bengaluru has become India’s most
It is a megacity with a population of 13.6 Technological Processes globalised city and a look into the future for
million people and has the fastest rate of Tech development is a cause it.
(rural-urban migration) urbanisation in India.and effect of urban growth in - India has begun to move away from
- Becoming a world city as TNC’s move to Bengaluru. manufacturing goods relying on low skills
the area to take advantage of cheap but The city’s 200 universities - To a technology and service economy
skilled workers especially in the provide the city with a highly relying on high skills.
technology industry. skilled and cheap workforce. It is now India’s largest job-creating city,
- Wages are 10% of those employing people in the aeronautical,
It is known as the Silicon Valley of India in London. automotive and electronic industries.
with a large focus in the technological This has encouraged
economy. companies overseas to Social Processes
The trickle-down effect of urbanisation has not
- For example, the headquarters of invest in the city,
benefited everyone.
Google in India is in Bengaluru, particularly in banking, There is a huge divide between the middle class
employing thousands of people. finance, insurance and IT. and those at the bottom (Dalits).
- This allows graduates to be - Also, due to more skilled labour being
New higher higher-skilled job opportunities employed straight out of demanded and pulled from outside
have caused an influx in skilled middle-class university, where the TNCs Bengaluru, the housing issue has become
workers to the cities. invest in them, giving them more severe.
- This has caused the CBD to be wealthy higher skills and experience It has caused prices/rents to increase as more
people can afford them, so. people are forced
while the suburbs are being filled with further boosting the growth
out of their homes into slums
poor migrants and slums. of the city.
Less than half of those who live in slums have
Definition: The movement of people Definition: The movement of people to the cities Definition: Moving away from urban areas into Definition: The movement of people from
from rural to urban areas (countryside to from the suburbs causing urban sprawl. rural areas, usually commuter settlements. rural areas to urban areas after previously
city) Why is it suburbanised? Causes: living in urban areas, due to change.
Pull: job opportunities, access to - Creation of cars and roads, so people could - Cheaper housing Causes:
healthcare/facilities, access to basic move away from the city and have bigger and - A safer place to bring up children - Improved infrastructure
needs e.g. sewage and toilets. cheaper houses outside of the city while being - Working from home - Better education facilities in the area
Push: Pollution, overpopulation, and able to travel into the CBD too. - After a period of decline, areas are re-
- Being able to commute into city but live rural
reduction in agriculture which is - The development of Hollywood brought high- - Increased personal car ownership/ease of developed to make them more attractive.
essential for the population. income actors and directors to the suburbs travel. - Causing Gentricfication
Facts: where they began to live. Impacts:
- 73,000 people per km2 Challenges: Impact on local people: - Wealthier people move back into the
- 50% of population live in slums - Urban sprawl, uncontrolled the city keeps - Double in house prices, some have been expensive re-developed area, while poor
- 1000 migrants a day come to live in retreating removing natural land. Low-density forced out of town. people currently living there are forced out.
Mumbai housing in suburbs consumes lots of land. - New houses built on flood plains due to - Prices in the area increase.
- Mumbai urban railway takes 7.5 - Lack of affordable housing, CBD is too such high demand, and risk of flooding. - Many wealthy people who previously
million passengers to the city a day. expensive for the poor to live in so they are - General increase in all prices as wealthy moved from New York moved back to this
- Huge trading port in Mumbai. forced to be homeless. businesspeople can afford to pay more. area as it is now redeveloped and attractive.
- Lots of TNCs are creating their head - Social segregation, CBD is where poor and - Traffic congestion at rush hour. The New York Highline:
offices as it is an NEE and lots of homeless live as can’t afford to leave. Increase - Less economic growth as expected as - Previously a meatpacking/industrial
skilled tech workers live in Mumbai. in crime in the CBD. Beverly Hills VS Skid Row people just sleep there, don’t spend money district with trains running through the area
Challenges: - Doughnut city, large industries and people - The increase in families put pressure on - After over 540 people had been killed from
- Overcrowding, population density. moved to greenfield sites out of the city leaving schools. being run over by the trains, the area was
- Lots of pollution and poor air unemployed and immigrants in the centre. - Increase in new apartment blocks rented closed and left derelict.
quality = respiratory issues. Creating a hole where there is a decline in out for a high price that locals can't afford. - In 2009, the area was redeveloped where
- TNCs take advantage of low labour economic activity and attractiveness to live. - Council housing was built for locals as the New York Highline now sits. It’s an
costs. - Urban smog created by 10 million car owners they couldn’t afford their rent anymore. above-ground walkway with repurposed train
- Slums being destroyed, people creating congestion on highways. Only 10% of tracks from the meatpacking district.
move to others instead as there is a the population uses public transport. Solutions: Impacts:
lack of affordable housing. Solutions: - 200 new homes were built, 75 were - Large tourist attraction of New York that
Solutions: - New development of free/low-fare public affordable and aimed at people with lower attracts 8 Million people a year.
- Removing slums, replacing them transport to allow more people to use it and incomes. - House prices in the area have increased.
with permanent affordable housing reduce car dependency and pollution. - £9 million spent on flood protection, so - Inaccessible to lower-income people as it’s
instead of expensive flats that foreigners - Building of green areas on brownfield sites. new houses built on flood plains, will be full of costly apartments. Huge income
will buy. Encourage investment - Requirement of affordable housing on all new protected from future floods. inequality in the area.
- Building green spaces and areas. developments. - These apartments are often second homes
and not used for half the year.
, Megacity: Mumbai World City: Shanghai
Definition: A city with a population of 10 million people or more. Definition: Interconnected economic centres that significantly
Distribution of megacities: As the global population continues to influence the world economy. Often leaders of research, have great
increase and more people move to the city, more and more
megacities are created, most of them in Asia. China has 19. influence on other countries.
Population: 21.3M Distribution of World Cities: World cities are becoming more
Location: Western coast of India along the Arabian Sea, as a common as more cities develop from and have influence.
coastal city it is great for global trading. Shanghai:
Characteristics: Known as the ‘Gateway of India’ due to its large - Population 26 million
port. This attracts lots of FDI.
- Previously a fishing village, as Shanghai opened to foreign trade,
Challenges:
over 3 million people moved there.
- Half the population live in slums. Dharavi is a large slum.
- It has the world's biggest container port (offering thousands of
- Overpopulation and crowding create squatter settlements and
extremely poor living conditions. jobs) and has a huge influence on global and Chinese trade.
- Due to overcrowding, sanitation is poor, and diseases spread - It is also the largest trading centre in Asia
quickly and easily through the population. - It contains a financial district which attracts lots of FDI and TNCs
- Extreme pollution and urban smog due to the number of people - Shanghai also has the largest stock exchange in China, showing
using cars and motorbikes create constant traffic in the city and
lead to respiratory issues. even more global influence.
- Lack of green spaces and parks doesn’t help the pollution. - The city now attracts 300 million tourists a year.
- High-tech companies take advantage of cheap skilled labour, so - World cities are Agglomeration economies where firms cluster to
the rich and middle class grow their wealth while the poor stay poor. share public services and utilities, ensuring adequate hospitals,
- Resistance to the removal of slums and struggle in redeveloping schools and other public goods, and specialised labour forces, such
and improving the city.
- 1000 migrants enter the city every day from urbanisation on the as financial services in Shanghai.
lookout for a better lifestyle, jobs, facilities and opportunities. What makes London a world city?
Solutions: - Headquarters of global businesses (HSBC, Barclays, BP)
- Introduction of green areas and spaces. - Financial centre, stock exchange and banks.
- Removal of slums and squatter settlements, replacing it with - Decision power at a global level, lots of influence on other
affordable housing. countries. Countries use our decisions and laws for their own (ULEZ)
- Creating laws on motor vehicles and road usage to reduce - Major centre for communications and broadcasting.
pollution.
, Bengaluru in India is one of India’s growing Bengaluru: Economic Processes
cities. Mega/World City Bengaluru has become India’s most
It is a megacity with a population of 13.6 Technological Processes globalised city and a look into the future for
million people and has the fastest rate of Tech development is a cause it.
(rural-urban migration) urbanisation in India.and effect of urban growth in - India has begun to move away from
- Becoming a world city as TNC’s move to Bengaluru. manufacturing goods relying on low skills
the area to take advantage of cheap but The city’s 200 universities - To a technology and service economy
skilled workers especially in the provide the city with a highly relying on high skills.
technology industry. skilled and cheap workforce. It is now India’s largest job-creating city,
- Wages are 10% of those employing people in the aeronautical,
It is known as the Silicon Valley of India in London. automotive and electronic industries.
with a large focus in the technological This has encouraged
economy. companies overseas to Social Processes
The trickle-down effect of urbanisation has not
- For example, the headquarters of invest in the city,
benefited everyone.
Google in India is in Bengaluru, particularly in banking, There is a huge divide between the middle class
employing thousands of people. finance, insurance and IT. and those at the bottom (Dalits).
- This allows graduates to be - Also, due to more skilled labour being
New higher higher-skilled job opportunities employed straight out of demanded and pulled from outside
have caused an influx in skilled middle-class university, where the TNCs Bengaluru, the housing issue has become
workers to the cities. invest in them, giving them more severe.
- This has caused the CBD to be wealthy higher skills and experience It has caused prices/rents to increase as more
people can afford them, so. people are forced
while the suburbs are being filled with further boosting the growth
out of their homes into slums
poor migrants and slums. of the city.
Less than half of those who live in slums have
