AQA A Level Biology
3.2.1 Cell Structure
3.2.1.1 structure of eukaryotic cells
3.2.1.2 Structure prokaryotic cells and of viruses
3.2.1.3 methods of studying cells
3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells
3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes
3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system
, Organelle Structure Function Structure of Chloroplasts Mitochondria
Nucleus Double membrane, DNA codes for polypep- • granum: stack of thylakoid membranes, inc surface area
• inner membrane folded to form cristae, increas-
contains chromatin tides, pores allow sub- for absorption of light
ing the surface area for the attachment of en-
stances to move between • thylakoid membrane: contains chlorophyll for photo-
zymes and proteins involved in aerobic respira-
nucleus and cytoplasm synthesis, inc surface area for absorption of light
tion.
• stroma: fluid filled matrix, contains enzymes for some
Ribo- Made of proteins + Site of protein synthesis • they have their own DNA and ribosomes
photosynthetic reactions
somes RNA, has a small sub
• starch grains: storage molecule, polysaccharide
unit and larger one Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
• DNA/ribosomes: have their own to make the enzymes
Rough ER Made of cisternae, Transports proteins DNA, which is different to DNA in eukaryotic cells.
needed for photosynthesis
ribosomes attached through the cell It is:
to outer surface • shorter and contains fewer genes
• Circular
Smooth Made of cisternae Synthesises and trans-
• not associated with histone proteins
ER ports lipids
• introns are absent
Golgi ap- Made of cisternae Modifies and packages
paratus proteins from RER into
vesicles for secretion
Cistemae Flattened membrane
Lyso- Vesicles containing Lysozymes cause hydrol-
sacks
somes lysozymes (digestive ysis
enzymes)
Chromatin a complex formed of
Cell mem- Phospholipid bilayer Controls movement of DNA and histone pro-
Algal and plant cells
brane mainly substances in and out the teins that coil to form
Algal cells have chloro- chromosomes
cell
plasts of a different
Cell structure
Mitochon- Double membrane, Site of aerobic respira-
shape and size
dria have their own DNA tion producing ATP How organelles work together to transport pro-
Algal cell walls mainly
+ ribosomes teins out a cell
made from cellulose,
Chloro- Double membrane, Site of photosynthesis plant walls are always 1. nucleus contains DNA, codes for proteins
plast contains own DNA cellulose 2. protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes
Vacuole Contains cell sap, Maintains pressure inside Fungal and plant cells 3. rough ER transports protein from ribosomes
has a tonoplast cell and keeps it rigid
to golgi apparatus
(surrounding Fungal cells have no
membrane) chloroplasts 4. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
Fungal cell walls made 5. vesicle transports protein to cell surface membrane and it fuses with the cell sur-
Cell Wall Cellulose: plants + Gives cells and organ-
from chitin, plants made face membrane
algae, chitin: fungi isms support, prevents
from cellulose
cell bursting
3.2.1 Cell Structure
3.2.1.1 structure of eukaryotic cells
3.2.1.2 Structure prokaryotic cells and of viruses
3.2.1.3 methods of studying cells
3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells
3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes
3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system
, Organelle Structure Function Structure of Chloroplasts Mitochondria
Nucleus Double membrane, DNA codes for polypep- • granum: stack of thylakoid membranes, inc surface area
• inner membrane folded to form cristae, increas-
contains chromatin tides, pores allow sub- for absorption of light
ing the surface area for the attachment of en-
stances to move between • thylakoid membrane: contains chlorophyll for photo-
zymes and proteins involved in aerobic respira-
nucleus and cytoplasm synthesis, inc surface area for absorption of light
tion.
• stroma: fluid filled matrix, contains enzymes for some
Ribo- Made of proteins + Site of protein synthesis • they have their own DNA and ribosomes
photosynthetic reactions
somes RNA, has a small sub
• starch grains: storage molecule, polysaccharide
unit and larger one Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
• DNA/ribosomes: have their own to make the enzymes
Rough ER Made of cisternae, Transports proteins DNA, which is different to DNA in eukaryotic cells.
needed for photosynthesis
ribosomes attached through the cell It is:
to outer surface • shorter and contains fewer genes
• Circular
Smooth Made of cisternae Synthesises and trans-
• not associated with histone proteins
ER ports lipids
• introns are absent
Golgi ap- Made of cisternae Modifies and packages
paratus proteins from RER into
vesicles for secretion
Cistemae Flattened membrane
Lyso- Vesicles containing Lysozymes cause hydrol-
sacks
somes lysozymes (digestive ysis
enzymes)
Chromatin a complex formed of
Cell mem- Phospholipid bilayer Controls movement of DNA and histone pro-
Algal and plant cells
brane mainly substances in and out the teins that coil to form
Algal cells have chloro- chromosomes
cell
plasts of a different
Cell structure
Mitochon- Double membrane, Site of aerobic respira-
shape and size
dria have their own DNA tion producing ATP How organelles work together to transport pro-
Algal cell walls mainly
+ ribosomes teins out a cell
made from cellulose,
Chloro- Double membrane, Site of photosynthesis plant walls are always 1. nucleus contains DNA, codes for proteins
plast contains own DNA cellulose 2. protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes
Vacuole Contains cell sap, Maintains pressure inside Fungal and plant cells 3. rough ER transports protein from ribosomes
has a tonoplast cell and keeps it rigid
to golgi apparatus
(surrounding Fungal cells have no
membrane) chloroplasts 4. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
Fungal cell walls made 5. vesicle transports protein to cell surface membrane and it fuses with the cell sur-
Cell Wall Cellulose: plants + Gives cells and organ-
from chitin, plants made face membrane
algae, chitin: fungi isms support, prevents
from cellulose
cell bursting
