OTTOMAN AND SPANISH EMPIRES
INTRODUCTION
Two new sorts of empire.
- Ottomans Suleiman the Magnificent - Both of them had PROPHETIC VISIONS: they had
- Spanish Charles V to rule all the known world.
- Both wanted to recreate a new Rome.
FIRST BIG STEPS
Ottomans 1. Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
2. Suleiman’s extension of realm (goes back to Alexander the Great)
Hasburgs 1. Defeat of Granada (1492)
2. Unification Spain + Holy Roman Empire toward a universal Christian empire
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1. POLITY inclusive, more durable
2. EXPANSION Middle-East, Arabia, Mongol, Persia, Roman Empire
3. IMPERIAL POWER subalterns (=people recruited randomly from outside society) incorporated
in sultan’s household
4. RELIGION tolerance
5. ADMINISTRATION sultan’s autonomy from aristocracy + leaders of diverse cultures into
administrative roles
SPANISH EMPIRE
1. EXPANSION West (because of Ottomans in the east)
2. IMPERIAL POWER military force from magnates with their own followers
3. RELIGION intolerant
WHY TURKS SUCCEEDED BETTER THAN SPAIN
- more fully devoted to the war
- use money effectively
- better advised
, SPANISH EMPIRE
ORIGINS
PROBLEMS:
1. geographical problems (mountains: difficult to conquer)
2. rulers’ roots not in Spain but North-central Europe
3. not united territory POLITICAL STRUCTURE:
- Castile
- Aragon
- Navarre HISPANIA
- Portugal
- Granada (only non-Catholic realm)
SUCCESSION SYSTEM:
- Inherited power (+lands and relationships)
- Hierarchy
- Strategic marriage (ex. Ferdinand + Isabella = Aragon + Castile) BUT no unitary polity (Isabella
would pass her territories NOT to her husband but to her descendants)
Catholic monarchs (Reconquest vs Moors = Arabs, 1494)
ARMY:
- Spanish soldiers
- Swiss mercenaries
- Italian-made cannons
POLITY OF NON-CATHOLIC ELEMENTS:
During Reconquest
- Jews left Spain
- Muslim some converted, some were expelled
Loss: 300,000 people
Many forced conversions: not sincere + heresy SPANISH INQUISITION (1478-1834) RELIOGION
INTOLERANCE
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM:
- Autonomy of NOBLES and MUNICIPALITIES (that’s why monarchs were looking for material
resources = seeking independence from them)
- CITIZENSHIP focused on local institutions
ECONOMY SYSTEM:
- Based on agriculture
- + commerce via maritime routes (Genoa = financed Columbus + fought vs. Ottomans)
INTRODUCTION
Two new sorts of empire.
- Ottomans Suleiman the Magnificent - Both of them had PROPHETIC VISIONS: they had
- Spanish Charles V to rule all the known world.
- Both wanted to recreate a new Rome.
FIRST BIG STEPS
Ottomans 1. Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
2. Suleiman’s extension of realm (goes back to Alexander the Great)
Hasburgs 1. Defeat of Granada (1492)
2. Unification Spain + Holy Roman Empire toward a universal Christian empire
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1. POLITY inclusive, more durable
2. EXPANSION Middle-East, Arabia, Mongol, Persia, Roman Empire
3. IMPERIAL POWER subalterns (=people recruited randomly from outside society) incorporated
in sultan’s household
4. RELIGION tolerance
5. ADMINISTRATION sultan’s autonomy from aristocracy + leaders of diverse cultures into
administrative roles
SPANISH EMPIRE
1. EXPANSION West (because of Ottomans in the east)
2. IMPERIAL POWER military force from magnates with their own followers
3. RELIGION intolerant
WHY TURKS SUCCEEDED BETTER THAN SPAIN
- more fully devoted to the war
- use money effectively
- better advised
, SPANISH EMPIRE
ORIGINS
PROBLEMS:
1. geographical problems (mountains: difficult to conquer)
2. rulers’ roots not in Spain but North-central Europe
3. not united territory POLITICAL STRUCTURE:
- Castile
- Aragon
- Navarre HISPANIA
- Portugal
- Granada (only non-Catholic realm)
SUCCESSION SYSTEM:
- Inherited power (+lands and relationships)
- Hierarchy
- Strategic marriage (ex. Ferdinand + Isabella = Aragon + Castile) BUT no unitary polity (Isabella
would pass her territories NOT to her husband but to her descendants)
Catholic monarchs (Reconquest vs Moors = Arabs, 1494)
ARMY:
- Spanish soldiers
- Swiss mercenaries
- Italian-made cannons
POLITY OF NON-CATHOLIC ELEMENTS:
During Reconquest
- Jews left Spain
- Muslim some converted, some were expelled
Loss: 300,000 people
Many forced conversions: not sincere + heresy SPANISH INQUISITION (1478-1834) RELIOGION
INTOLERANCE
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM:
- Autonomy of NOBLES and MUNICIPALITIES (that’s why monarchs were looking for material
resources = seeking independence from them)
- CITIZENSHIP focused on local institutions
ECONOMY SYSTEM:
- Based on agriculture
- + commerce via maritime routes (Genoa = financed Columbus + fought vs. Ottomans)
