NURS 3520 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE / Endocrine Disorders

Nurs 3520 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Endocrine Disorders: • Aldosterone: is a potent mineralocorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume. It acts on the renal tubule to promote renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. From Adrenal glands • Antidiuretic hormone: • Catecholamine: The medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. Catecholamines are considered neurotransmitters when secreted by neurons and hormones when secreted by the adrenal medulla. They are an essential part of the SNS's “fight or flight” response. • Corticosteroid: refers to hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex, excluding androgens. Cortisol: the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, is necessary to maintain life and protect the body from stress • Insulin resistance, • Insulin: is the principal regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Insulin facilitates glucose transport into cells, transport of amino acids across muscle membranes, and the synthesis of amino acids into protein in the peripheral tissues. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS): Pituitary Gland: Learn what comes from where 4. Describe diagnostic studies of endocrine system (ie: TSH, T4, T3, PTH, Thyroid scan, cortisol, aldosterone, etc.) know lab values. • TSH o Measures TSH levels; most sensitive diagnostic test for evaluating thyroid dysfunction o Blood test • T4 (total) o Measures total serum level of T4; used to evaluate thyroid function and monitor thyroid therapy • Free thyroxine (FT4) o Measures active component of total T4 o Because level remains constant, considered better indicator of thyroid function than total T4 • T3 total o Measures serum levels of T3; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism if T4 levels are normal • PTH o Measures PTH level in serum; must be interpreted in terms of concurrently drawn serum calcium level • Cortisol o Measures total cortisol in serum and evaluates adrenal cortex function; cortisol has diurnal variation- levels are higher in the morning and evening, and stress and excessive physical activity produce elevated results • Aldosterone o Used to assess for hyperaldosteronism 5. Review type I and type 2 diabetes (etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, collaborative care, and nursing management) this