MSN 570 Advance Patho Midterm Study Guide
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| GRADED A
MI - answer-Death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood
flow
What causes cell death in MI? - answer-unstable plaque breaks off, triggering
platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and thrombus formation. continued no
blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20 minutes cell die
What consequence of cell death leads to CP? - answer-hypoxia as cannot meet
cell demand for oxygen
How is MI diagnosed - answer-EKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin (non-STEMI)
What might you find in blood consistent with MI? - answer-elevated CK MB,
Troponin
Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? - answer-Release of lysosomal
enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial necrosis, Troponin released from
damaged heart muscle
,what is percutaneous umbilical blood sampling? - answer-PUBS is a
transabdominal procedure under ultrasound; aspirates fetal blood from umbilical
vein after 18- 20 wks'. to assess for chromosomal abnormalities
Why does ST elevation occur? - answer-because of hypoxia due to blockage
What is COPD? - answer-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irreversible
obstruction resulting in the inability to force air out of the lungs.
what causes COPD? - answer-smoking that l/t inflammatory response and causes
damage to lung.
How does chronic bronchitis and emphysema contribute to COPD? - answer-
Chronic bronchitis is chronic inflammation of bronchi (large airway) while
emphysema results from continue exposure to poultans that damage small
airways, alveolus.
what are restrictive pulmonary disorders - answer-ARDS, Atelectasis
What are obstructive pulmonary disorders? - answer-asthma, COPD, Sleep Apnea,
Cystic fibrosis
Define total lung capacity (TLC) - answer-volume of air in the lungs after a
maximum inhalation
, Define FEV1 and tell its clinical significance. - answer-FEV1 = volume of air exhaled
during first second of forced expiratory volume (amount of air expelled during
specific times of FVC test)
Define FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) - answer-Measure amount of gas expelled
when patient takes deep breath in and exhales as forcefully and rapidly as
possible
-Healthy person: 80%, restrictive disease: 80% or more, obstructive disease: less
than 80%
What is cystic fibrosis? - answer-It is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes.
Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in air passages and pancreas.
Why does PO2 drops in COPD? - answer-PO2 drops because there is decrease
oxygenation occurring due to damaged alveoli
Why is O2 sat decreased in COPD patients? - answer-O2 sat is decreased in COPD
patients because there is inadequate oxygenation to tissues
What are cell communinalities? - answer-They each have a nucleus, cytoplasm
and organelles
Define cytoplasm - answer-liquid containing water, nutrients, ions, dissolved
gases, waste products
What are organelles? - answer-Tiny organs. They work together to maintain cell's
life
.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| GRADED A
MI - answer-Death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood
flow
What causes cell death in MI? - answer-unstable plaque breaks off, triggering
platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and thrombus formation. continued no
blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20 minutes cell die
What consequence of cell death leads to CP? - answer-hypoxia as cannot meet
cell demand for oxygen
How is MI diagnosed - answer-EKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin (non-STEMI)
What might you find in blood consistent with MI? - answer-elevated CK MB,
Troponin
Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? - answer-Release of lysosomal
enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial necrosis, Troponin released from
damaged heart muscle
,what is percutaneous umbilical blood sampling? - answer-PUBS is a
transabdominal procedure under ultrasound; aspirates fetal blood from umbilical
vein after 18- 20 wks'. to assess for chromosomal abnormalities
Why does ST elevation occur? - answer-because of hypoxia due to blockage
What is COPD? - answer-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irreversible
obstruction resulting in the inability to force air out of the lungs.
what causes COPD? - answer-smoking that l/t inflammatory response and causes
damage to lung.
How does chronic bronchitis and emphysema contribute to COPD? - answer-
Chronic bronchitis is chronic inflammation of bronchi (large airway) while
emphysema results from continue exposure to poultans that damage small
airways, alveolus.
what are restrictive pulmonary disorders - answer-ARDS, Atelectasis
What are obstructive pulmonary disorders? - answer-asthma, COPD, Sleep Apnea,
Cystic fibrosis
Define total lung capacity (TLC) - answer-volume of air in the lungs after a
maximum inhalation
, Define FEV1 and tell its clinical significance. - answer-FEV1 = volume of air exhaled
during first second of forced expiratory volume (amount of air expelled during
specific times of FVC test)
Define FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) - answer-Measure amount of gas expelled
when patient takes deep breath in and exhales as forcefully and rapidly as
possible
-Healthy person: 80%, restrictive disease: 80% or more, obstructive disease: less
than 80%
What is cystic fibrosis? - answer-It is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes.
Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in air passages and pancreas.
Why does PO2 drops in COPD? - answer-PO2 drops because there is decrease
oxygenation occurring due to damaged alveoli
Why is O2 sat decreased in COPD patients? - answer-O2 sat is decreased in COPD
patients because there is inadequate oxygenation to tissues
What are cell communinalities? - answer-They each have a nucleus, cytoplasm
and organelles
Define cytoplasm - answer-liquid containing water, nutrients, ions, dissolved
gases, waste products
What are organelles? - answer-Tiny organs. They work together to maintain cell's
life
.
