ATDH Biology FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWER ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Prokaryotic Cells - ANSWER ✔ No true nucleus (DNA in nucleoid region)
2. Eukaryotic Cells - ANSWER ✔ True nucleus enclosed by nuclear
membrane
3. Cell Membrane - ANSWER ✔ Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
4. Cell Membrane Function - ANSWER ✔ Controls movement of substances
in/out of the cell (selective permeability)
5. Diffusion - ANSWER ✔ Movement of molecules from high → low
concentration (no energy)
6. Osmosis - ANSWER ✔ Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
7. Facilitated Diffusion - ANSWER ✔ Uses carrier or channel proteins; no
energy needed
,8. Active Transport - ANSWER ✔ Requires ATP to move molecules against
concentration gradient (low → high)
9. Signal Transduction Pathway - ANSWER ✔ Reception: Signal molecule
binds to receptor.
10.Transduction - ANSWER ✔ Signal is converted inside the cell.
11.Response - ANSWER ✔ Activation of enzymes, gene expression, or other
cell changes.
12.Homeostasis - ANSWER ✔ Maintenance of stable internal conditions
despite external changes.
13.pH regulation - ANSWER ✔ via buffers.
14.Temperature control - ANSWER ✔ through sweating or shivering.
15.Ion balance - ANSWER ✔ (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) for nerve and muscle function.
16.Mitosis - ANSWER ✔ Produces two identical diploid cells.
17.Meiosis - ANSWER ✔ Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells); introduces
genetic variation.
,18.Crossing Over - ANSWER ✔ Exchange of DNA between homologous
chromosomes (Prophase I).
19.Independent Assortment - ANSWER ✔ Random distribution of
chromosomes.
20.Carbohydrates - ANSWER ✔ Energy.
21.Lipids - ANSWER ✔ Energy storage, insulation.
22.Proteins - ANSWER ✔ Structure, enzymes.
23.Nucleic Acids - ANSWER ✔ Genetic information (DNA, RNA).
24.Autotrophic - ANSWER ✔ Organisms that make their own food.
25.Gene - ANSWER ✔ sequence of DNA that codes for a trait
26.Allele - ANSWER ✔ One variation of a gene
27.The presence of a pink flower in a cross between red and white flowers is an
example
of_________.
-Complete dominance:
-Co-dominance
-Incomplete dominance:
-Polygenic inheritance: - ANSWER ✔ Incomplete dominance
, 28.What is the function of tRNA during translation?
-it carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome:
-it synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template:
-It brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
-It splices introns from the pre-mRNA - ANSWER ✔ It brings amino acids
to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
29.Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?
-Eye color
-Blood type
-Height
-Cystic fibrosis: - ANSWER ✔ Height
30.The Human Genome Project was primarily responsible for
-Cloning human genes
-Mapping the entire human genome:
-Identifying the genetic causes of inherited diseases
-Developing CRISPR technology: - ANSWER ✔ Mapping the entire human
genome
31.During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the
new DNA
strand by adding nucleotides?
Helicase
-DNA ligase
-DNA polymerase
-RNA polymerase - ANSWER ✔ DNA polymerase.
DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand by
adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand during replication
2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWER ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Prokaryotic Cells - ANSWER ✔ No true nucleus (DNA in nucleoid region)
2. Eukaryotic Cells - ANSWER ✔ True nucleus enclosed by nuclear
membrane
3. Cell Membrane - ANSWER ✔ Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
4. Cell Membrane Function - ANSWER ✔ Controls movement of substances
in/out of the cell (selective permeability)
5. Diffusion - ANSWER ✔ Movement of molecules from high → low
concentration (no energy)
6. Osmosis - ANSWER ✔ Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
7. Facilitated Diffusion - ANSWER ✔ Uses carrier or channel proteins; no
energy needed
,8. Active Transport - ANSWER ✔ Requires ATP to move molecules against
concentration gradient (low → high)
9. Signal Transduction Pathway - ANSWER ✔ Reception: Signal molecule
binds to receptor.
10.Transduction - ANSWER ✔ Signal is converted inside the cell.
11.Response - ANSWER ✔ Activation of enzymes, gene expression, or other
cell changes.
12.Homeostasis - ANSWER ✔ Maintenance of stable internal conditions
despite external changes.
13.pH regulation - ANSWER ✔ via buffers.
14.Temperature control - ANSWER ✔ through sweating or shivering.
15.Ion balance - ANSWER ✔ (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) for nerve and muscle function.
16.Mitosis - ANSWER ✔ Produces two identical diploid cells.
17.Meiosis - ANSWER ✔ Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells); introduces
genetic variation.
,18.Crossing Over - ANSWER ✔ Exchange of DNA between homologous
chromosomes (Prophase I).
19.Independent Assortment - ANSWER ✔ Random distribution of
chromosomes.
20.Carbohydrates - ANSWER ✔ Energy.
21.Lipids - ANSWER ✔ Energy storage, insulation.
22.Proteins - ANSWER ✔ Structure, enzymes.
23.Nucleic Acids - ANSWER ✔ Genetic information (DNA, RNA).
24.Autotrophic - ANSWER ✔ Organisms that make their own food.
25.Gene - ANSWER ✔ sequence of DNA that codes for a trait
26.Allele - ANSWER ✔ One variation of a gene
27.The presence of a pink flower in a cross between red and white flowers is an
example
of_________.
-Complete dominance:
-Co-dominance
-Incomplete dominance:
-Polygenic inheritance: - ANSWER ✔ Incomplete dominance
, 28.What is the function of tRNA during translation?
-it carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome:
-it synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template:
-It brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
-It splices introns from the pre-mRNA - ANSWER ✔ It brings amino acids
to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
29.Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?
-Eye color
-Blood type
-Height
-Cystic fibrosis: - ANSWER ✔ Height
30.The Human Genome Project was primarily responsible for
-Cloning human genes
-Mapping the entire human genome:
-Identifying the genetic causes of inherited diseases
-Developing CRISPR technology: - ANSWER ✔ Mapping the entire human
genome
31.During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the
new DNA
strand by adding nucleotides?
Helicase
-DNA ligase
-DNA polymerase
-RNA polymerase - ANSWER ✔ DNA polymerase.
DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand by
adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand during replication
