NSD 225 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
what are the weight gain recommendations for pregnant women based on? - Correct
Answers --women who begin their pregnancies at a healthy weight should gain around
25 to 35 pounds (women having twins should gain between 37 and 54 pounds)
-this is the approx. amount of weight needed to support the growth of the baby: 1 pound
per week
-the amount of weight a women gains should be enough to ensure a 6.5-8.5 pound
baby
amount of weight gain is based on the womens BMI prior to conception
-rate of weight gain is as important as amount
what are the consequences of too much and too little weight gain for the mother and the
baby? - Correct Answers -TOO MUCH:
-makes it more difficult for mother to lose the weight once the baby is born
-increases likelihood of mother remaining overweight many years after childbirth
-increases the risk that the baby will be obese later in life
-increases the mothers risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, difficult delivery, need for
a C section, having a large for gestational-age baby
-dieting during pregnancy is not adivsed: excess weight should be lost before or after
pregnancy
TOO LITTLE:
-risk of having a low birth weight baby
-low birth weight infants have a higher risk of obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and
type 2 diabetes
-poor iron intake can cause cognitive deficits in the child
when are the most critical periods of development? - Correct Answers --during the first
trimester of pregnancy
-the early part of pregnancy is when the main body systems and major organs are
forming (cells multiple, differentiate, and establish functional tissues and organs during
these periods)
-this is the time when the risk of miscarriage is the greatest
-the embryo and fetus are highly vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and other
potentially harmful factors
,-the harm that results from the influence of toxins, such as alcohol, during a critical
development period may be irreversible and can affect health decades later
women experience discomforts during pregnancy, what are they and when do they
mainly occur? - Correct Answers -1) morning sickness
-does not only happen in the morning
-happens during the first trimester
-causes are unknown, but may be due to fluctuating hormones
-eating small, frequent meals, rich in protein helps
2) cravings
-ice cream, sweets, candy, fruit, fish, pickles, chips
-pica: craving for and ingestion of non-food substances (clay, laundry starch, ashes):
has little or no nutrition
-common aversions: coffee, highly seasoned foods, fried foods (may be due to taste
and smell changes)
3) heart burn and constipation
-small, frequent meals and avoiding spicy foods can help with heartburn
-more fiber rich foods can help prevent constipation
4) hemhhoroids may develop
-drinking plenty of fluids and getting enough fiber can help prevent them
how do macro and micronutrient recommendations change during pregnancy? (not
specific numbers, but- do they increase, decrease, or stay the same?) - Correct
Answers -1st trimester: no extra calories per day
2nd trimester: 340 extra calories per day
3rd trimester: 450 extra calories per day
-the needs for many micronutrients (folate, iron, zinc and copper, calcium and vitamin D,
omega 3, choline, vitain B12) INCREASES
-however, consuming too much of some nutrients may be toxic and increase the risk of
birth defects, such as too much preformed vitamin A
ALSO (macros): carbohydrate and protein needs increase during pregnancy
what are the key micronutrients of concern for pregnant women? (folate, iron, calcium,
vitamin D) - Correct Answers -1) Calcium
-RDA is not increased because absorption doubles
-is needed for teeth and bones and can be acquired from dairy, vegetables, fortified
foods, and supplements
2) Vitamin D
-RDA is not increased
-helps absorb calcium
-can get it from fortified foods, supplements, and sunlight
3) Folate
, -needed for the synthesis of DNA and cell division, neural tube formation 21-28 days
after conception
-prevention of megaloblastic anemia in the mother, premature births, and low birth
weight
-can be found in green leafy vegetables, legumes, and citrus fruits and juices
4) Vitamin B12
-prevention of anemia and regeneration of active forms of folate
-concern for vegans
-can be found in supplements, animal products, and fortified foods
5) Iron
-RDA is 50% higher
-for synthesis of hemoglobin and prevention of anemia
-red meat, leafy greens, fortified foods, and supplements
6) Zinc
-key to a growing fetuses cell growth and development
-prevents premature birth and low birth weight, and fetal malformations
-found in red meat and fortified breakfast cereals
Other nutrients are also a concern: especially for vegans and vegetarians
-Omega 3 fat: in seafood: for brain and retina
-choline for healthy cell division, especially in brain
-vitamin B12: in animal foods, for nerve cells, red blood cells, production of nucleic acids
What are the toxic substances that women should avoid during pregnancy? (mercury,
caffeine, alcohol, food borne illness) - Correct Answers -1) pregnancy increases the risk
of foodborne illness: avoid foods with bacteria Listeria
-meat and dairy foods (soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk: camembert, brie,
blue cheese)
-deli style luncheon meats
-salami, pate, meat spreads and smoked seafood
-raw meats and fish: sushi and sashimi, undercooked meat, shellfish, poultry
-juice, raw sprouts (bean sprouts)
2) smoking
-can lead to SIDS and inability to grow properly
3) alcohol
-fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
-learning and behavioral disabilities later in life
-reduces blood flow to the placenta and affects fetal growth
4) illicit drugs: marijuana, heroin, painkillers
-increase risk for micarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, withdrawal
symptoms in the baby , heart defects
5) restrict caffeine intake to 200mg or less per day
-may lead to miscarriage
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
what are the weight gain recommendations for pregnant women based on? - Correct
Answers --women who begin their pregnancies at a healthy weight should gain around
25 to 35 pounds (women having twins should gain between 37 and 54 pounds)
-this is the approx. amount of weight needed to support the growth of the baby: 1 pound
per week
-the amount of weight a women gains should be enough to ensure a 6.5-8.5 pound
baby
amount of weight gain is based on the womens BMI prior to conception
-rate of weight gain is as important as amount
what are the consequences of too much and too little weight gain for the mother and the
baby? - Correct Answers -TOO MUCH:
-makes it more difficult for mother to lose the weight once the baby is born
-increases likelihood of mother remaining overweight many years after childbirth
-increases the risk that the baby will be obese later in life
-increases the mothers risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, difficult delivery, need for
a C section, having a large for gestational-age baby
-dieting during pregnancy is not adivsed: excess weight should be lost before or after
pregnancy
TOO LITTLE:
-risk of having a low birth weight baby
-low birth weight infants have a higher risk of obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and
type 2 diabetes
-poor iron intake can cause cognitive deficits in the child
when are the most critical periods of development? - Correct Answers --during the first
trimester of pregnancy
-the early part of pregnancy is when the main body systems and major organs are
forming (cells multiple, differentiate, and establish functional tissues and organs during
these periods)
-this is the time when the risk of miscarriage is the greatest
-the embryo and fetus are highly vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and other
potentially harmful factors
,-the harm that results from the influence of toxins, such as alcohol, during a critical
development period may be irreversible and can affect health decades later
women experience discomforts during pregnancy, what are they and when do they
mainly occur? - Correct Answers -1) morning sickness
-does not only happen in the morning
-happens during the first trimester
-causes are unknown, but may be due to fluctuating hormones
-eating small, frequent meals, rich in protein helps
2) cravings
-ice cream, sweets, candy, fruit, fish, pickles, chips
-pica: craving for and ingestion of non-food substances (clay, laundry starch, ashes):
has little or no nutrition
-common aversions: coffee, highly seasoned foods, fried foods (may be due to taste
and smell changes)
3) heart burn and constipation
-small, frequent meals and avoiding spicy foods can help with heartburn
-more fiber rich foods can help prevent constipation
4) hemhhoroids may develop
-drinking plenty of fluids and getting enough fiber can help prevent them
how do macro and micronutrient recommendations change during pregnancy? (not
specific numbers, but- do they increase, decrease, or stay the same?) - Correct
Answers -1st trimester: no extra calories per day
2nd trimester: 340 extra calories per day
3rd trimester: 450 extra calories per day
-the needs for many micronutrients (folate, iron, zinc and copper, calcium and vitamin D,
omega 3, choline, vitain B12) INCREASES
-however, consuming too much of some nutrients may be toxic and increase the risk of
birth defects, such as too much preformed vitamin A
ALSO (macros): carbohydrate and protein needs increase during pregnancy
what are the key micronutrients of concern for pregnant women? (folate, iron, calcium,
vitamin D) - Correct Answers -1) Calcium
-RDA is not increased because absorption doubles
-is needed for teeth and bones and can be acquired from dairy, vegetables, fortified
foods, and supplements
2) Vitamin D
-RDA is not increased
-helps absorb calcium
-can get it from fortified foods, supplements, and sunlight
3) Folate
, -needed for the synthesis of DNA and cell division, neural tube formation 21-28 days
after conception
-prevention of megaloblastic anemia in the mother, premature births, and low birth
weight
-can be found in green leafy vegetables, legumes, and citrus fruits and juices
4) Vitamin B12
-prevention of anemia and regeneration of active forms of folate
-concern for vegans
-can be found in supplements, animal products, and fortified foods
5) Iron
-RDA is 50% higher
-for synthesis of hemoglobin and prevention of anemia
-red meat, leafy greens, fortified foods, and supplements
6) Zinc
-key to a growing fetuses cell growth and development
-prevents premature birth and low birth weight, and fetal malformations
-found in red meat and fortified breakfast cereals
Other nutrients are also a concern: especially for vegans and vegetarians
-Omega 3 fat: in seafood: for brain and retina
-choline for healthy cell division, especially in brain
-vitamin B12: in animal foods, for nerve cells, red blood cells, production of nucleic acids
What are the toxic substances that women should avoid during pregnancy? (mercury,
caffeine, alcohol, food borne illness) - Correct Answers -1) pregnancy increases the risk
of foodborne illness: avoid foods with bacteria Listeria
-meat and dairy foods (soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk: camembert, brie,
blue cheese)
-deli style luncheon meats
-salami, pate, meat spreads and smoked seafood
-raw meats and fish: sushi and sashimi, undercooked meat, shellfish, poultry
-juice, raw sprouts (bean sprouts)
2) smoking
-can lead to SIDS and inability to grow properly
3) alcohol
-fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
-learning and behavioral disabilities later in life
-reduces blood flow to the placenta and affects fetal growth
4) illicit drugs: marijuana, heroin, painkillers
-increase risk for micarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, withdrawal
symptoms in the baby , heart defects
5) restrict caffeine intake to 200mg or less per day
-may lead to miscarriage
