NSD 225 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
What is the scientific method based on? Why is this beneficial? - Correct Answers --
Based on organized observations and logical thinking. This is beneficial because the
more evidence we have, the wiser we can be when making food decisions.
Who would be a good person to get nutrition advice from? - Correct Answers -
Registered dietitian nutritionists(RDNs)
Nutrition scientists
Trained in nutrition research
What are the advantages and disadvantages of animal studies? - Correct Answers -
Advantages: easier, cheaper, faster than human studies. Disadvantages:may not apply
to people, need follow up human studies, artificial diets and environments
What are the different types of research studies? What kind of relationships do each
demonstrate? - Correct Answers -Test tube studies-
performed in vitro.
Vitro studies are only performed on single nutrients or small groups of cells and not on
living animals.
Quickest and easiest to perform
May not show what happens in a human body
Easy, cheap, fast, few variables
Animal studies-
performed on living animals, in "vivo".
Animals can tell more about whole foods and diets without the need for human subjects
Can study whole foods
They are easier, cheaper, and faster than human studies
Effects on animals may not always apply to humans
Human observational studies-
Apply directly to humans and generate a lot of data
Look at lots of people and many different health outcomes
Can only show correlation not causation because you observe and do not intervene
Results can be misleading or hard to interpret
Can take a long time
Human intervention studies-
experiments in which researchers intervene and change people's diets to see how it
affects their health
Most accurate and can prove cause and effect
Costly and take a lot of time to perform
Look at small numbers of people
, Results may not apply to everyone
What is the correlation between insulin and fat storage? - Correct Answers --Insulin
drives fat storage
-It tells the body that lots of nutrients are available to store fat
-When blood sugar is high after carbohydrate-rich meals, insulin causes fat deposits
into adipose cells
-Over time, many fat deposits in adipose cells cause growth of adipose tissue and
weight gain
How do refined foods impact the blood sugar? - Correct Answers -Raises blood sugar
quickly
Foods with low fiber
Refined carbs
Processed
Carboyhydrates (macronutrient) raises blood sugar
What are satiety hormones? - Correct Answers -Satiety is the feeling of fullness that
makes you stop eating. Satiety hormones are regulated from other hormones such as
leptin and Peptide YY
What is a health claim? What should you watch out for with health claims? - Correct
Answers -Unlike structure-function claims, health claims relate the intake of a nutrient to
a particular disease state or other health condition, rather than just the general function
of the body
Health claims can only be made about specific nutrients, ingredients, or foods and not
entire food groups
Only a few health claims are authorized health claims based on extensive scientific
research and agreement by nutrition experts
What is the difference between subcutaneous and visceral fat? What are their
associations to health issues? - Correct Answers -Subcutaneous body fat is found
under the skin and can collect as "love handles", "saddlebags" or a "muffin top"
This type of fat is fairly easy to measure using simple methods like skinfold thickness.
While it can weigh you down, it is less likely to put your future at risk than fat found in
other areas
Visceral fat is found deep within the body, around the organs, and can be harder to
measure
This type of fat can cause problems because it puts you at great risk for chronic
diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
Because visceral fat is harder to measure, you might not even know its there until it
begins to protrude out front causing "beer belly"
What do "apple-shape obesity" and "pear-shape obesity" mean? - Correct Answers -
Having excess body fat below the waist where the belly is small but the butt and thighs
are larger - "pear shape obesity" is less of a health concern
What is the scientific method based on? Why is this beneficial? - Correct Answers --
Based on organized observations and logical thinking. This is beneficial because the
more evidence we have, the wiser we can be when making food decisions.
Who would be a good person to get nutrition advice from? - Correct Answers -
Registered dietitian nutritionists(RDNs)
Nutrition scientists
Trained in nutrition research
What are the advantages and disadvantages of animal studies? - Correct Answers -
Advantages: easier, cheaper, faster than human studies. Disadvantages:may not apply
to people, need follow up human studies, artificial diets and environments
What are the different types of research studies? What kind of relationships do each
demonstrate? - Correct Answers -Test tube studies-
performed in vitro.
Vitro studies are only performed on single nutrients or small groups of cells and not on
living animals.
Quickest and easiest to perform
May not show what happens in a human body
Easy, cheap, fast, few variables
Animal studies-
performed on living animals, in "vivo".
Animals can tell more about whole foods and diets without the need for human subjects
Can study whole foods
They are easier, cheaper, and faster than human studies
Effects on animals may not always apply to humans
Human observational studies-
Apply directly to humans and generate a lot of data
Look at lots of people and many different health outcomes
Can only show correlation not causation because you observe and do not intervene
Results can be misleading or hard to interpret
Can take a long time
Human intervention studies-
experiments in which researchers intervene and change people's diets to see how it
affects their health
Most accurate and can prove cause and effect
Costly and take a lot of time to perform
Look at small numbers of people
, Results may not apply to everyone
What is the correlation between insulin and fat storage? - Correct Answers --Insulin
drives fat storage
-It tells the body that lots of nutrients are available to store fat
-When blood sugar is high after carbohydrate-rich meals, insulin causes fat deposits
into adipose cells
-Over time, many fat deposits in adipose cells cause growth of adipose tissue and
weight gain
How do refined foods impact the blood sugar? - Correct Answers -Raises blood sugar
quickly
Foods with low fiber
Refined carbs
Processed
Carboyhydrates (macronutrient) raises blood sugar
What are satiety hormones? - Correct Answers -Satiety is the feeling of fullness that
makes you stop eating. Satiety hormones are regulated from other hormones such as
leptin and Peptide YY
What is a health claim? What should you watch out for with health claims? - Correct
Answers -Unlike structure-function claims, health claims relate the intake of a nutrient to
a particular disease state or other health condition, rather than just the general function
of the body
Health claims can only be made about specific nutrients, ingredients, or foods and not
entire food groups
Only a few health claims are authorized health claims based on extensive scientific
research and agreement by nutrition experts
What is the difference between subcutaneous and visceral fat? What are their
associations to health issues? - Correct Answers -Subcutaneous body fat is found
under the skin and can collect as "love handles", "saddlebags" or a "muffin top"
This type of fat is fairly easy to measure using simple methods like skinfold thickness.
While it can weigh you down, it is less likely to put your future at risk than fat found in
other areas
Visceral fat is found deep within the body, around the organs, and can be harder to
measure
This type of fat can cause problems because it puts you at great risk for chronic
diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
Because visceral fat is harder to measure, you might not even know its there until it
begins to protrude out front causing "beer belly"
What do "apple-shape obesity" and "pear-shape obesity" mean? - Correct Answers -
Having excess body fat below the waist where the belly is small but the butt and thighs
are larger - "pear shape obesity" is less of a health concern
