2025
Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Samenvatting
Schooljaar 2025-2026
Prof: Bart Soenens
, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Hst 1: geschiedenis, theorie en onderzoeksstrategieën ..........................................................................................6
Definiëring ontwikkelingspsychologie (1)..............................................................................................................6
Structurele kenmerken van de ontwikkelingspsychologie (2)................................................................................7
2.1 Continue ontwikkeling >< discontinue ontwikkeling ..................................................................................7
2.2 Één verloop >< meerdere verlopen ............................................................................................................8
2.3 Erfelijk >< milieu (nature >< nurture)..........................................................................................................8
2.4 Een gebalanceerd perspectief: levensloopperspectief................................................................................9
Ontwikkelingspsychologische theorieën (3) ....................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Verschillende mensbeelden in de ontwikkelingspsychologie................................................................... 10
3.2 Wetenschappelijke voorvaders................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Klassieke theorieën .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Recente theorieën ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Vergelijking theorieën.............................................................................................................................. 24
Methodologie van ontwikkelingspsychologisch onderzoek (4) .......................................................................... 24
4.1 Onderzoeksmethoden ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Onderzoekdesigns.................................................................................................................................... 26
Hst 2: baby- en peutertijd ..................................................................................................................................... 30
lichaamsgroei (1) ............................................................................................................................................... 30
1.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 30
1.2 verschuivingen in lichaamsproportie ....................................................................................................... 30
1.3 groeitrends .............................................................................................................................................. 31
1.4 beïnvloedende factoren van lichaamsgroei ............................................................................................. 31
Ontwikkeling van de hersenen (2)...................................................................................................................... 31
2.1 ontwikkeling op microscopisch niveau .................................................................................................... 31
2.2 ontwikkeling op cortexniveau .................................................................................................................. 32
Leervermogen (3)............................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 klassieke conditionering........................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 operante conditionering .......................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 habituatie ................................................................................................................................................ 33
3.4 imitatie .................................................................................................................................................... 34
Motorische ontwikkeling (4) .............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.2 ruwe motoriek ......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3 dynamische systeemtheorie .................................................................................................................... 35
4.4 fijne motoriek .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling (5) ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.1 algemene trends in zintuigelijke ontwikkeling ......................................................................................... 36
5.2 tastzin, reuk en smaak ............................................................................................................................. 37
5.3 gehoor ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.4 zicht, diepteperceptie en patroonperceptie ............................................................................................ 38
5.5 intermodale perceptie ............................................................................................................................. 40
5.6 differentiatietheorie van zintuiglijke ontwikkeling .................................................................................. 40
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Cognitieve ontwikkeling (6)................................................................................................................................ 40
6.1 theorie van Piaget .................................................................................................................................... 40
6.2 informatieverwerkingstheorie ................................................................................................................. 45
6.3 sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................................ 47
6.4 verschillen in metnale vaardigheden (intelligentietest en stimulering) ................................................... 48
6.5 taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................... 49
Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling (7) .................................................................................................................. 54
7.1 theorie van Erikoson ................................................................................................................................ 54
7.2 ontwikkeling emoties............................................................................................................................... 55
7.3 ontwikkeling temperament ..................................................................................................................... 58
7.4 ontwikkeling gehechtheid ........................................................................................................................ 63
7.5 ontwikkeling het zelf ................................................................................................................................ 72
Hst 3: vroege kindertijd ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3.1 lichaamsgroei............................................................................................................................................... 75
3.2 motorische ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................................. 75
1. ruwe motorische ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 75
2. fijne motorische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................... 75
3. tekenen ...................................................................................................................................................... 76
4. schrijven..................................................................................................................................................... 76
5. individuele verschillen ................................................................................................................................76
Cognitieve ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................... 76
Piaget ............................................................................................................................................................. 76
Socio-culturele theorie .................................................................................................................................. 81
Informatie-verwerkingstheorie ...................................................................................................................... 82
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 88
Erikson ........................................................................................................................................................... 88
Zichzelf begrijpen........................................................................................................................................... 89
Emotionele ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 90
Relatie met peers .......................................................................................................................................... 92
Vroege morele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................... 94
Genderrollen.................................................................................................................................................. 99
H4: kindertijd .......................................................................................................................................................101
1 lichaamsgroei.................................................................................................................................................101
1.1 trends lichaamsgroei.........................................................................................................................101
1.2 gezondheidsproblemen ....................................................................................................................101
2 motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................102
Piaget ...............................................................................................................................................................102
1.1 concreet-operationeel stadium ..............................................................................................................102
1.2 beperkingen ............................................................................................................................................104
1.3 recent onderzoek ....................................................................................................................................104
1.4 evaluatie .................................................................................................................................................105
Informatie-verwerkingsstrategieën ...................................................................................................................105
2.1 algemene principes .................................................................................................................................105
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
2.2 aandacht .................................................................................................................................................105
2.3 geheugenstrategieën ..............................................................................................................................105
2.4 kennisbestand .........................................................................................................................................106
2.5 theory of mind ........................................................................................................................................106
2.6 cognitieve zelf-regulering .......................................................................................................................107
taalontwikkeling ...............................................................................................................................................107
3.1 woordenschat .........................................................................................................................................107
3.2 grammatica .............................................................................................................................................107
3.3 pragmatiek..............................................................................................................................................108
Erikson: vlijt inferioriteit ...............................................................................................................................108
Zelfbegrip en zelfwaarde ..................................................................................................................................108
2.1 ontwikkeling zelfbegrip en zelfwaarde ...................................................................................................108
2.2 invloeden op zelfwaarde.........................................................................................................................109
2.3 attributiestijlen en zelfwaarde ................................................................................................................110
Emotionele ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................112
3.1 zelfbewuste emoties ...............................................................................................................................112
3.2 begrip van emotie ...................................................................................................................................112
3.3 emotionele zelfregulatie .........................................................................................................................112
Morele ontwikkeling .........................................................................................................................................113
Relaties met leeftijdsgenoten ...........................................................................................................................114
5.1 peergroepen ...........................................................................................................................................114
5.2 vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................................115
5.3 peeraanvaarding .....................................................................................................................................115
H5: adolescentie...................................................................................................................................................117
Visie op adolescentie ........................................................................................................................................117
Biologisch perspectief ...................................................................................................................................117
Sociaal perspectief ........................................................................................................................................117
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................................118
Hormonale veranderingen ................................................................................................................................118
Lichamelijke groei .............................................................................................................................................119
2.1 Hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................119
2.2 slaapgewoonten .....................................................................................................................................120
2.3 geslachtsverschillen ................................................................................................................................120
Seksuele rijping .................................................................................................................................................121
Individuele verschillen in puberteit ...................................................................................................................122
Psychologische impact van veranderingen .......................................................................................................122
5.1 directe reacties .......................................................................................................................................122
5.2 humeurigheid ...................................................................................................................................122
5.3 conflict met ouders .................................................................................................................................123
5.4 gevolgen van timing seksuele rijping ......................................................................................................123
Piaget: formeel-operationeel denken ...............................................................................................................124
Hypothetisch-deductief redeneren...............................................................................................................124
Propositie-denken.........................................................................................................................................125
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Denken in termen van mogelijkheden ..........................................................................................................125
Informatieverwerkingstheorie ...........................................................................................................................126
Gevolgen van cognitieve veranderingen ...........................................................................................................126
Gevolgen van abstract denken .....................................................................................................................126
Imaginair publiek ..........................................................................................................................................127
Persoonlijke legende ....................................................................................................................................127
Risicogedrag..................................................................................................................................................127
Identiteitsvorming.............................................................................................................................................127
1.1 Erikson: identiteit versus verwarring ................................................................................................127
1.2 Marcia: identiteitsstatussen ..............................................................................................................128
1.3 Bepalende factoren ................................................................................................................................129
Zichzelf begrijpen: zelfconcept en zelfwaardering ............................................................................................129
2.1 zelfconcept vs zelfwaardering .................................................................................................................129
2.2 ontwikkeling zelfwaardering ...................................................................................................................130
2.3 invloeden op zelfwaardering ..................................................................................................................130
Morele ontwikkeling .........................................................................................................................................131
3.1 Piaget’s theorie van morele ontwikkeling ...............................................................................................131
3.2 Kohlberg’s theorie van morele ontwikkeling ..........................................................................................131
3.3 geslachtsverschillen in moraliteit......................................................................................................133
Vriendschap en relaties met peers ....................................................................................................................134
4.1 vriendschap ............................................................................................................................................134
4.2 cliques en crowds ...................................................................................................................................135
4.3 dating......................................................................................................................................................136
4.4 conformiteit met peers ...........................................................................................................................136
Verstoorde ontwikkelingspatronen ...................................................................................................................137
5.1 depressie ................................................................................................................................................137
5.2 suïcide .....................................................................................................................................................138
5.3 delinquentie............................................................................................................................................138
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................................140
H6: volwassenheid ...............................................................................................................................................141
1. De opkomende volwassenheid ......................................................................................................................141
1.1 wat is de opkomende volwassenheid? ...................................................................................................141
1.2 criteria ....................................................................................................................................................141
1.3 recent fenomeen ....................................................................................................................................142
1.4 twee-cyclus model van identiteit ............................................................................................................142
2. Erikson: intimiteit vs isolement .....................................................................................................................142
3. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................143
3.1 levinson: vroege volwassenheid .............................................................................................................143
3.2 Vaillant: aanpassing aan het leven..........................................................................................................144
3.3 Beperkingen Levinson & Vaillant ............................................................................................................145
4. Sociale klok ...................................................................................................................................................145
5. Intieme relaties .............................................................................................................................................146
5.1 partnerkeuze...........................................................................................................................................146
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
5.2 liefde .......................................................................................................................................................146
5.3 vriendschap ............................................................................................................................................147
5.4 eenzaamheid ....................................................................................................................................148
6. Levenscyclus van het gezin ...........................................................................................................................148
1. Erikson: generativiteit vs stagnatie ...............................................................................................................149
Generativiteit vs stagnatie ............................................................................................................................149
Onderzoek over generativiteit ......................................................................................................................150
2. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................151
2.1 Levinson: middelbare volwassenheid .....................................................................................................151
2.2 Vaillant ....................................................................................................................................................152
2.3 Midlife crisis ............................................................................................................................................152
3. Stabiliteit en verandering in zelfconcept en persoonlijkheid .........................................................................153
3.1 Mogelijke zelven .....................................................................................................................................153
3.2 Zelfaanvaarding ......................................................................................................................................153
3.3 Coping .....................................................................................................................................................153
genderidentiteit ............................................................................................................................................154
Persoonlijkheid .............................................................................................................................................154
1. Erikson: ego-integriteit vs wanhoop .............................................................................................................156
2. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................157
2.1 Peck: verfijning .......................................................................................................................................157
2.2 Labouvie-Vief ..........................................................................................................................................158
2.3 reminiscentie en Life review ...................................................................................................................158
3. Zelfconcept ...................................................................................................................................................158
4. Een veranderende sociale wereld .................................................................................................................159
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
HST 1: GESCHIEDENIS, THEORIE EN
ONDERZOEKSSTRATEGIEËN
DEFINIËRING ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE (1)
Ontwikkelingspsychologie is overal:
- ‘Jongeren worden meer gewelddadig door filmpjes van drillrappers’
- Je kind in de hoek zetten is geen goed idee
Ontwikkelingspsychologie = een wetenschap die stabiliteit en verandering van gedrag wil begrijpen over de
levensloop
→ toepasbaar: praktijk
- Voorbeeld: topsporters en topmuzici zouden aangeboren talent hebben >< elke vaardigheid kan je
trainen als je er voldoende tijd en moeite in steekt
- Growth mindset: je gaat er vanuit dat je kan verbeteren, je kan vooruitgang boeken, je kan werken
aan jezelf
- Fixed mindset: je kan het of je kan het niet, je vaardigheden en capaciteiten staan al vast
o Met groei-mindset doe je het beter dan met de fixed mindset
- Je kan een growth mindset trainen
→ interdisciplinair: ontwikkelt zich door gecombineerde inspanningen uit vele wetenschappen
Theorieën over ontwikkeling:
1) Beschrijven
2) Verklaren
3) Voorspellen
Theorie = een geordend en samenhangend geheel van uitspraken dat gedrag beschrijft, verklaart en voorspelt
Bv. hechting
- Ontwikkeling van hechtingsrelatie in 1e levensjaar (= beschrijven)
- Waarom ontwikkelt band zich? (= verklaren)
- Wat is het gevolg hiervan voor latere hechtingsrelaties? (= voorspellen)
Nut van een theorie:
- Begrijpen: geeft richting en betekenis aan wat we zien
- Basis voor praktijk: weten wat te doen
- Behoefte aan wetenschappelijke bevestiging: belang van replicatie
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
STRUCTURELE KENMERKEN VAN DE ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE (2)
2.1 CONTINUE ONTWIKKELING >< DISCONTINUE ONTWIKKELING
Continue ontwikkeling
Kwantitatieve termen (meetbaar): je hebt een bepaalde
capaciteit, verandert naarmate je ouder wordt
→ doorgaans verloopt dit gestaag, continu
Voorbeelden:
- je sociale kring: neemt gestaag toe doorheen het leven,
neemt terug af
- lengte
Discontinue ontwikkeling
Je krijgt een inzicht, er gebeurt iets op een bepaalde leeftijd waardoor
Voorbeelden:
- Terminale ziekte
- Overlijden
CONTINUE ONTWIKKELING DISCONTINUE ONTWIKKELING
Kwantitatieve verandering = uitbreiden van al Kwalitatieve verandering = nieuwe manier van
bestaande vaardigheden reageren in specifieke periodes
Vaak geleidelijke verandering (gradueel), maar niet Abrupte verandering, plotse ommezwaai, crisis
altijd
Ook bij een groeispurt blijft het continue ontwikkeling: je groeit nog steeds mm per mm
Vaak zit er achter discontinue ontwikkeling heel wat continue ontwikkeling → schijnbaar discontinue
ontwikkeling
7
Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Samenvatting
Schooljaar 2025-2026
Prof: Bart Soenens
, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Hst 1: geschiedenis, theorie en onderzoeksstrategieën ..........................................................................................6
Definiëring ontwikkelingspsychologie (1)..............................................................................................................6
Structurele kenmerken van de ontwikkelingspsychologie (2)................................................................................7
2.1 Continue ontwikkeling >< discontinue ontwikkeling ..................................................................................7
2.2 Één verloop >< meerdere verlopen ............................................................................................................8
2.3 Erfelijk >< milieu (nature >< nurture)..........................................................................................................8
2.4 Een gebalanceerd perspectief: levensloopperspectief................................................................................9
Ontwikkelingspsychologische theorieën (3) ....................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Verschillende mensbeelden in de ontwikkelingspsychologie................................................................... 10
3.2 Wetenschappelijke voorvaders................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Klassieke theorieën .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Recente theorieën ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Vergelijking theorieën.............................................................................................................................. 24
Methodologie van ontwikkelingspsychologisch onderzoek (4) .......................................................................... 24
4.1 Onderzoeksmethoden ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Onderzoekdesigns.................................................................................................................................... 26
Hst 2: baby- en peutertijd ..................................................................................................................................... 30
lichaamsgroei (1) ............................................................................................................................................... 30
1.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 30
1.2 verschuivingen in lichaamsproportie ....................................................................................................... 30
1.3 groeitrends .............................................................................................................................................. 31
1.4 beïnvloedende factoren van lichaamsgroei ............................................................................................. 31
Ontwikkeling van de hersenen (2)...................................................................................................................... 31
2.1 ontwikkeling op microscopisch niveau .................................................................................................... 31
2.2 ontwikkeling op cortexniveau .................................................................................................................. 32
Leervermogen (3)............................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 klassieke conditionering........................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 operante conditionering .......................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 habituatie ................................................................................................................................................ 33
3.4 imitatie .................................................................................................................................................... 34
Motorische ontwikkeling (4) .............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 34
4.2 ruwe motoriek ......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3 dynamische systeemtheorie .................................................................................................................... 35
4.4 fijne motoriek .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling (5) ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.1 algemene trends in zintuigelijke ontwikkeling ......................................................................................... 36
5.2 tastzin, reuk en smaak ............................................................................................................................. 37
5.3 gehoor ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.4 zicht, diepteperceptie en patroonperceptie ............................................................................................ 38
5.5 intermodale perceptie ............................................................................................................................. 40
5.6 differentiatietheorie van zintuiglijke ontwikkeling .................................................................................. 40
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Cognitieve ontwikkeling (6)................................................................................................................................ 40
6.1 theorie van Piaget .................................................................................................................................... 40
6.2 informatieverwerkingstheorie ................................................................................................................. 45
6.3 sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................................ 47
6.4 verschillen in metnale vaardigheden (intelligentietest en stimulering) ................................................... 48
6.5 taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................... 49
Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling (7) .................................................................................................................. 54
7.1 theorie van Erikoson ................................................................................................................................ 54
7.2 ontwikkeling emoties............................................................................................................................... 55
7.3 ontwikkeling temperament ..................................................................................................................... 58
7.4 ontwikkeling gehechtheid ........................................................................................................................ 63
7.5 ontwikkeling het zelf ................................................................................................................................ 72
Hst 3: vroege kindertijd ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3.1 lichaamsgroei............................................................................................................................................... 75
3.2 motorische ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................................. 75
1. ruwe motorische ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 75
2. fijne motorische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................... 75
3. tekenen ...................................................................................................................................................... 76
4. schrijven..................................................................................................................................................... 76
5. individuele verschillen ................................................................................................................................76
Cognitieve ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................... 76
Piaget ............................................................................................................................................................. 76
Socio-culturele theorie .................................................................................................................................. 81
Informatie-verwerkingstheorie ...................................................................................................................... 82
Taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 88
Erikson ........................................................................................................................................................... 88
Zichzelf begrijpen........................................................................................................................................... 89
Emotionele ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 90
Relatie met peers .......................................................................................................................................... 92
Vroege morele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................... 94
Genderrollen.................................................................................................................................................. 99
H4: kindertijd .......................................................................................................................................................101
1 lichaamsgroei.................................................................................................................................................101
1.1 trends lichaamsgroei.........................................................................................................................101
1.2 gezondheidsproblemen ....................................................................................................................101
2 motorische ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................102
Piaget ...............................................................................................................................................................102
1.1 concreet-operationeel stadium ..............................................................................................................102
1.2 beperkingen ............................................................................................................................................104
1.3 recent onderzoek ....................................................................................................................................104
1.4 evaluatie .................................................................................................................................................105
Informatie-verwerkingsstrategieën ...................................................................................................................105
2.1 algemene principes .................................................................................................................................105
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, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
2.2 aandacht .................................................................................................................................................105
2.3 geheugenstrategieën ..............................................................................................................................105
2.4 kennisbestand .........................................................................................................................................106
2.5 theory of mind ........................................................................................................................................106
2.6 cognitieve zelf-regulering .......................................................................................................................107
taalontwikkeling ...............................................................................................................................................107
3.1 woordenschat .........................................................................................................................................107
3.2 grammatica .............................................................................................................................................107
3.3 pragmatiek..............................................................................................................................................108
Erikson: vlijt inferioriteit ...............................................................................................................................108
Zelfbegrip en zelfwaarde ..................................................................................................................................108
2.1 ontwikkeling zelfbegrip en zelfwaarde ...................................................................................................108
2.2 invloeden op zelfwaarde.........................................................................................................................109
2.3 attributiestijlen en zelfwaarde ................................................................................................................110
Emotionele ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................112
3.1 zelfbewuste emoties ...............................................................................................................................112
3.2 begrip van emotie ...................................................................................................................................112
3.3 emotionele zelfregulatie .........................................................................................................................112
Morele ontwikkeling .........................................................................................................................................113
Relaties met leeftijdsgenoten ...........................................................................................................................114
5.1 peergroepen ...........................................................................................................................................114
5.2 vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................................115
5.3 peeraanvaarding .....................................................................................................................................115
H5: adolescentie...................................................................................................................................................117
Visie op adolescentie ........................................................................................................................................117
Biologisch perspectief ...................................................................................................................................117
Sociaal perspectief ........................................................................................................................................117
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................................118
Hormonale veranderingen ................................................................................................................................118
Lichamelijke groei .............................................................................................................................................119
2.1 Hersenontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................119
2.2 slaapgewoonten .....................................................................................................................................120
2.3 geslachtsverschillen ................................................................................................................................120
Seksuele rijping .................................................................................................................................................121
Individuele verschillen in puberteit ...................................................................................................................122
Psychologische impact van veranderingen .......................................................................................................122
5.1 directe reacties .......................................................................................................................................122
5.2 humeurigheid ...................................................................................................................................122
5.3 conflict met ouders .................................................................................................................................123
5.4 gevolgen van timing seksuele rijping ......................................................................................................123
Piaget: formeel-operationeel denken ...............................................................................................................124
Hypothetisch-deductief redeneren...............................................................................................................124
Propositie-denken.........................................................................................................................................125
3
, Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Denken in termen van mogelijkheden ..........................................................................................................125
Informatieverwerkingstheorie ...........................................................................................................................126
Gevolgen van cognitieve veranderingen ...........................................................................................................126
Gevolgen van abstract denken .....................................................................................................................126
Imaginair publiek ..........................................................................................................................................127
Persoonlijke legende ....................................................................................................................................127
Risicogedrag..................................................................................................................................................127
Identiteitsvorming.............................................................................................................................................127
1.1 Erikson: identiteit versus verwarring ................................................................................................127
1.2 Marcia: identiteitsstatussen ..............................................................................................................128
1.3 Bepalende factoren ................................................................................................................................129
Zichzelf begrijpen: zelfconcept en zelfwaardering ............................................................................................129
2.1 zelfconcept vs zelfwaardering .................................................................................................................129
2.2 ontwikkeling zelfwaardering ...................................................................................................................130
2.3 invloeden op zelfwaardering ..................................................................................................................130
Morele ontwikkeling .........................................................................................................................................131
3.1 Piaget’s theorie van morele ontwikkeling ...............................................................................................131
3.2 Kohlberg’s theorie van morele ontwikkeling ..........................................................................................131
3.3 geslachtsverschillen in moraliteit......................................................................................................133
Vriendschap en relaties met peers ....................................................................................................................134
4.1 vriendschap ............................................................................................................................................134
4.2 cliques en crowds ...................................................................................................................................135
4.3 dating......................................................................................................................................................136
4.4 conformiteit met peers ...........................................................................................................................136
Verstoorde ontwikkelingspatronen ...................................................................................................................137
5.1 depressie ................................................................................................................................................137
5.2 suïcide .....................................................................................................................................................138
5.3 delinquentie............................................................................................................................................138
Samenvatting....................................................................................................................................................140
H6: volwassenheid ...............................................................................................................................................141
1. De opkomende volwassenheid ......................................................................................................................141
1.1 wat is de opkomende volwassenheid? ...................................................................................................141
1.2 criteria ....................................................................................................................................................141
1.3 recent fenomeen ....................................................................................................................................142
1.4 twee-cyclus model van identiteit ............................................................................................................142
2. Erikson: intimiteit vs isolement .....................................................................................................................142
3. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................143
3.1 levinson: vroege volwassenheid .............................................................................................................143
3.2 Vaillant: aanpassing aan het leven..........................................................................................................144
3.3 Beperkingen Levinson & Vaillant ............................................................................................................145
4. Sociale klok ...................................................................................................................................................145
5. Intieme relaties .............................................................................................................................................146
5.1 partnerkeuze...........................................................................................................................................146
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5.2 liefde .......................................................................................................................................................146
5.3 vriendschap ............................................................................................................................................147
5.4 eenzaamheid ....................................................................................................................................148
6. Levenscyclus van het gezin ...........................................................................................................................148
1. Erikson: generativiteit vs stagnatie ...............................................................................................................149
Generativiteit vs stagnatie ............................................................................................................................149
Onderzoek over generativiteit ......................................................................................................................150
2. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................151
2.1 Levinson: middelbare volwassenheid .....................................................................................................151
2.2 Vaillant ....................................................................................................................................................152
2.3 Midlife crisis ............................................................................................................................................152
3. Stabiliteit en verandering in zelfconcept en persoonlijkheid .........................................................................153
3.1 Mogelijke zelven .....................................................................................................................................153
3.2 Zelfaanvaarding ......................................................................................................................................153
3.3 Coping .....................................................................................................................................................153
genderidentiteit ............................................................................................................................................154
Persoonlijkheid .............................................................................................................................................154
1. Erikson: ego-integriteit vs wanhoop .............................................................................................................156
2. Andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling ......................................................................................157
2.1 Peck: verfijning .......................................................................................................................................157
2.2 Labouvie-Vief ..........................................................................................................................................158
2.3 reminiscentie en Life review ...................................................................................................................158
3. Zelfconcept ...................................................................................................................................................158
4. Een veranderende sociale wereld .................................................................................................................159
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HST 1: GESCHIEDENIS, THEORIE EN
ONDERZOEKSSTRATEGIEËN
DEFINIËRING ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE (1)
Ontwikkelingspsychologie is overal:
- ‘Jongeren worden meer gewelddadig door filmpjes van drillrappers’
- Je kind in de hoek zetten is geen goed idee
Ontwikkelingspsychologie = een wetenschap die stabiliteit en verandering van gedrag wil begrijpen over de
levensloop
→ toepasbaar: praktijk
- Voorbeeld: topsporters en topmuzici zouden aangeboren talent hebben >< elke vaardigheid kan je
trainen als je er voldoende tijd en moeite in steekt
- Growth mindset: je gaat er vanuit dat je kan verbeteren, je kan vooruitgang boeken, je kan werken
aan jezelf
- Fixed mindset: je kan het of je kan het niet, je vaardigheden en capaciteiten staan al vast
o Met groei-mindset doe je het beter dan met de fixed mindset
- Je kan een growth mindset trainen
→ interdisciplinair: ontwikkelt zich door gecombineerde inspanningen uit vele wetenschappen
Theorieën over ontwikkeling:
1) Beschrijven
2) Verklaren
3) Voorspellen
Theorie = een geordend en samenhangend geheel van uitspraken dat gedrag beschrijft, verklaart en voorspelt
Bv. hechting
- Ontwikkeling van hechtingsrelatie in 1e levensjaar (= beschrijven)
- Waarom ontwikkelt band zich? (= verklaren)
- Wat is het gevolg hiervan voor latere hechtingsrelaties? (= voorspellen)
Nut van een theorie:
- Begrijpen: geeft richting en betekenis aan wat we zien
- Basis voor praktijk: weten wat te doen
- Behoefte aan wetenschappelijke bevestiging: belang van replicatie
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STRUCTURELE KENMERKEN VAN DE ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE (2)
2.1 CONTINUE ONTWIKKELING >< DISCONTINUE ONTWIKKELING
Continue ontwikkeling
Kwantitatieve termen (meetbaar): je hebt een bepaalde
capaciteit, verandert naarmate je ouder wordt
→ doorgaans verloopt dit gestaag, continu
Voorbeelden:
- je sociale kring: neemt gestaag toe doorheen het leven,
neemt terug af
- lengte
Discontinue ontwikkeling
Je krijgt een inzicht, er gebeurt iets op een bepaalde leeftijd waardoor
Voorbeelden:
- Terminale ziekte
- Overlijden
CONTINUE ONTWIKKELING DISCONTINUE ONTWIKKELING
Kwantitatieve verandering = uitbreiden van al Kwalitatieve verandering = nieuwe manier van
bestaande vaardigheden reageren in specifieke periodes
Vaak geleidelijke verandering (gradueel), maar niet Abrupte verandering, plotse ommezwaai, crisis
altijd
Ook bij een groeispurt blijft het continue ontwikkeling: je groeit nog steeds mm per mm
Vaak zit er achter discontinue ontwikkeling heel wat continue ontwikkeling → schijnbaar discontinue
ontwikkeling
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