BIOL 251 EXAM 2 PREP | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED
AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What is tissue?
A group of cells that work together to perform one or more specialized
functions.
What does intracellular refer to?
The internal environment of the cells, contained within the cellular
membrane.
What does extracellular refer to?
The environment outside the cells, or outside the cellular membrane.
cells secrete to help regulate their extracellular material and fluids, which is
called the
Extracellular matrix
What is the extracellular matrix?
A large network of proteins, molecules, and fluid that surrounds and gives
structure to cells.
What is the microscopic study of the structure of tissues and their
surrounding extracellular matrix called?
Histology
What do tissues combine to form?
Organs
What do organs work together to form?
Organ systems
four main types of tissue found in the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
covers exposed surfaces, lines passageways/cavities, and can produce
glandular secretions
,Connective tissue
supports and underlies other structures and fills the internal space of the
body
stores energy
Muscle tissue
contracts to enable movement
Nervous tissue
carries electrical impulses and translates information to control activities of
the body.
True or false: Each type of tissue is unique in the types of cells in them and
the type and amount of extracellular matrix present.
True
Tissues are distinguished by
- cells that form them
-type and amount of extracellular material ( EC matrix)
What is one basic function of connective tissue?
fills internal spaces
What is one function of epithelial tissue?
It serves as a layer of protection.
What does epithelial tissue form between internal and external
environments?
Barriers.
What surfaces does epithelial tissue compose?
The surface of the body and lines hollow organs.
How does epithelial tissue decrease friction?
By providing lubrication of organs through lining cavities.
What is one way epithelial tissue manages materials in the body?
Secretion of hormones, sweat, milk, and digestive enzymes.
What process allows epithelial tissue to move materials from the lumen to
the bloodstream?
,Absorption.
What is the function of epithelial tissue in excretion?
Removing materials and wastes from the body.
What does epithelial tissue allow to diffuse through its cells?
Particles like gases, liquids, or nutrients.
How does epithelial tissue cleanse the body?
By blocking dust, dirt, or particulate matter from openings.
5 defining characteristics of epithelial tissue
exhibit polarity, causing unique surfaces
avascular tissue
basal surface connects to basement membrane
highly regenerative
specialized cell junctions
What does it mean for epithelial cells to exhibit polarity?
It means the cells have unique surfaces, each with specialized features: apical,
lateral, and basal.
What is the apical surface of epithelial cells?
It is the surface facing the external environment or inside of a lumen, allowing
the cells to secrete or absorb materials.
Do epithelial cells always have an apical surface?
No, in certain locations, such as in endocrine glands, epithelial cells lack an
apical surface.
What are microvilli?
Microvilli are finger-like extensions on the apical surface of most epithelial
cells that add extra surface area for secretions and absorption.
What are cilia?
Cilia are longer cytoplasmic extensions with an internal structure that
allows for their movement.
Where can ciliated epithelial cells be found?
They can be found in places such as the trachea and bronchi.
, What is the function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Cilia sweep trapped particles and mucus up toward the throat to be
swallowed and eliminated from the body.
What is a key characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it does not have a direct blood
supply.
How do nutrients and wastes move in epithelial tissue?
Nutrients must enter and wastes must leave by diffusion or absorption
from underlying tissues.
Do blood vessels cross the basement membrane of epithelial tissue?
No, blood vessels do not cross the basement membrane.
Is epithelial tissue innervated?
Yes, epithelial tissue is innervated.
What does the basal surface of epithelia connect to?
The basement membrane.
What is another name for the basement membrane?
Basal lamina.
What is the composition of the basement membrane?
It is noncellular and protein-rich.
What is the function of the basement membrane?
It allows for cells to anchor to it for support and separates epithelium from
other tissue.
Who produces the basement membrane?
The basal surface of epithelial cells and connective tissue cells deep to it.
Epithelial tissue cells are always connected to one another because of
specialized cell junctions
What connects the lateral surfaces between adjoining cells?
Specialized intercellular connections with unique proteins.
AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What is tissue?
A group of cells that work together to perform one or more specialized
functions.
What does intracellular refer to?
The internal environment of the cells, contained within the cellular
membrane.
What does extracellular refer to?
The environment outside the cells, or outside the cellular membrane.
cells secrete to help regulate their extracellular material and fluids, which is
called the
Extracellular matrix
What is the extracellular matrix?
A large network of proteins, molecules, and fluid that surrounds and gives
structure to cells.
What is the microscopic study of the structure of tissues and their
surrounding extracellular matrix called?
Histology
What do tissues combine to form?
Organs
What do organs work together to form?
Organ systems
four main types of tissue found in the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
covers exposed surfaces, lines passageways/cavities, and can produce
glandular secretions
,Connective tissue
supports and underlies other structures and fills the internal space of the
body
stores energy
Muscle tissue
contracts to enable movement
Nervous tissue
carries electrical impulses and translates information to control activities of
the body.
True or false: Each type of tissue is unique in the types of cells in them and
the type and amount of extracellular matrix present.
True
Tissues are distinguished by
- cells that form them
-type and amount of extracellular material ( EC matrix)
What is one basic function of connective tissue?
fills internal spaces
What is one function of epithelial tissue?
It serves as a layer of protection.
What does epithelial tissue form between internal and external
environments?
Barriers.
What surfaces does epithelial tissue compose?
The surface of the body and lines hollow organs.
How does epithelial tissue decrease friction?
By providing lubrication of organs through lining cavities.
What is one way epithelial tissue manages materials in the body?
Secretion of hormones, sweat, milk, and digestive enzymes.
What process allows epithelial tissue to move materials from the lumen to
the bloodstream?
,Absorption.
What is the function of epithelial tissue in excretion?
Removing materials and wastes from the body.
What does epithelial tissue allow to diffuse through its cells?
Particles like gases, liquids, or nutrients.
How does epithelial tissue cleanse the body?
By blocking dust, dirt, or particulate matter from openings.
5 defining characteristics of epithelial tissue
exhibit polarity, causing unique surfaces
avascular tissue
basal surface connects to basement membrane
highly regenerative
specialized cell junctions
What does it mean for epithelial cells to exhibit polarity?
It means the cells have unique surfaces, each with specialized features: apical,
lateral, and basal.
What is the apical surface of epithelial cells?
It is the surface facing the external environment or inside of a lumen, allowing
the cells to secrete or absorb materials.
Do epithelial cells always have an apical surface?
No, in certain locations, such as in endocrine glands, epithelial cells lack an
apical surface.
What are microvilli?
Microvilli are finger-like extensions on the apical surface of most epithelial
cells that add extra surface area for secretions and absorption.
What are cilia?
Cilia are longer cytoplasmic extensions with an internal structure that
allows for their movement.
Where can ciliated epithelial cells be found?
They can be found in places such as the trachea and bronchi.
, What is the function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Cilia sweep trapped particles and mucus up toward the throat to be
swallowed and eliminated from the body.
What is a key characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it does not have a direct blood
supply.
How do nutrients and wastes move in epithelial tissue?
Nutrients must enter and wastes must leave by diffusion or absorption
from underlying tissues.
Do blood vessels cross the basement membrane of epithelial tissue?
No, blood vessels do not cross the basement membrane.
Is epithelial tissue innervated?
Yes, epithelial tissue is innervated.
What does the basal surface of epithelia connect to?
The basement membrane.
What is another name for the basement membrane?
Basal lamina.
What is the composition of the basement membrane?
It is noncellular and protein-rich.
What is the function of the basement membrane?
It allows for cells to anchor to it for support and separates epithelium from
other tissue.
Who produces the basement membrane?
The basal surface of epithelial cells and connective tissue cells deep to it.
Epithelial tissue cells are always connected to one another because of
specialized cell junctions
What connects the lateral surfaces between adjoining cells?
Specialized intercellular connections with unique proteins.
