BIO 235 Midterm 1 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2025/2026
metabolism - Answers sum of al chemical processes
catabolism - Answers that break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - Answers the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - Answers 1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
differentiation - Answers unspecialized cells becomes specialized
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - Answers 1. tissue growth, repair or
replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - Answers intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - Answers extracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - Answers interstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - Answers controlled condition
what is the stimulus - Answers any disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - Answers body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition
and sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - Answers flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or
chemical signal)
what is the control center - Answers sets the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output
commands when they are needed
efferent pathway - Answers flow away from control center to effector
effector - Answers body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a
response that alters the controlled condition
negative feedback system - Answers reverses a change in a controlled condition
,positive feedback loop - Answers strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - Answers abnormality of a structure or function
disease - Answers illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - Answers subjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - Answers objective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - Answers body is lying face down
supine - Answers body is lying face up
ipsilateral - Answers same side
contralateral - Answers different sides
superficial - Answers towards the surface of the skin
deep - Answers away from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - Answers divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - Answers divides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - Answers unequal sides left and right
fronta (coronal plane) - Answers divides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - Answers superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-
sectional)
oblique plane - Answers anything but 90 degrees
cranial cavity - Answers contains head
Vertebral (spine) cavity - Answers contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the
cranial cavity
Meninges - Answers layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - Answers chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the
vertebral column
pericardial cavity - Answers surrounds the heart
pleura cavity - Answers surrounds lungs
,visceral layer of cavity - Answers inner layer
parietal layer of cavity - Answers outer layer
mediastinum cavity - Answers between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not
the lungs
diaphragm - Answers dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic
cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - Answers from the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive
system
viscera - Answers organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - Answers nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - Answers Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - Answers neutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - Answers core of an atom
proton - Answers positively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - Answers neutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - Answers negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
number of protons =? - Answers number of electrons
atomic number is what - Answers number of protons/electrons
mass number - Answers sum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - Answers Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - Answers An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits
one or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - Answers the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - Answers average of the natural occurring isotopes
, ion - Answers has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and
electrons
ionization - Answers the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - Answers when two or more atoms share an electron
compound - Answers substance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - Answers atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it
unstable-become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important
elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - Answers force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - Answers positively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - Answers negatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - Answers an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a
solution
covalent bond - Answers two more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - Answers equal sharing of electrons
polar - Answers sharing of electrons is unequal
electronegativity - Answers power to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - Answers forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
surface tension - Answers a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a
liquid
activation energy - Answers collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the
reactants so a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - Answers chemicals that speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - Answers is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - Answers catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - Answers both decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - Answers products can reverse to original reactants
metabolism - Answers sum of al chemical processes
catabolism - Answers that break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - Answers the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - Answers 1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
differentiation - Answers unspecialized cells becomes specialized
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - Answers 1. tissue growth, repair or
replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - Answers intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - Answers extracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - Answers interstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - Answers controlled condition
what is the stimulus - Answers any disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - Answers body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition
and sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - Answers flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or
chemical signal)
what is the control center - Answers sets the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output
commands when they are needed
efferent pathway - Answers flow away from control center to effector
effector - Answers body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a
response that alters the controlled condition
negative feedback system - Answers reverses a change in a controlled condition
,positive feedback loop - Answers strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - Answers abnormality of a structure or function
disease - Answers illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - Answers subjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - Answers objective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - Answers body is lying face down
supine - Answers body is lying face up
ipsilateral - Answers same side
contralateral - Answers different sides
superficial - Answers towards the surface of the skin
deep - Answers away from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - Answers divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - Answers divides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - Answers unequal sides left and right
fronta (coronal plane) - Answers divides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - Answers superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-
sectional)
oblique plane - Answers anything but 90 degrees
cranial cavity - Answers contains head
Vertebral (spine) cavity - Answers contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the
cranial cavity
Meninges - Answers layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - Answers chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the
vertebral column
pericardial cavity - Answers surrounds the heart
pleura cavity - Answers surrounds lungs
,visceral layer of cavity - Answers inner layer
parietal layer of cavity - Answers outer layer
mediastinum cavity - Answers between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not
the lungs
diaphragm - Answers dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic
cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - Answers from the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive
system
viscera - Answers organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - Answers nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - Answers Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - Answers neutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - Answers core of an atom
proton - Answers positively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - Answers neutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - Answers negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
number of protons =? - Answers number of electrons
atomic number is what - Answers number of protons/electrons
mass number - Answers sum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - Answers Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - Answers An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits
one or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - Answers the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - Answers average of the natural occurring isotopes
, ion - Answers has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and
electrons
ionization - Answers the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - Answers when two or more atoms share an electron
compound - Answers substance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - Answers atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it
unstable-become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important
elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - Answers force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - Answers positively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - Answers negatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - Answers an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a
solution
covalent bond - Answers two more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - Answers equal sharing of electrons
polar - Answers sharing of electrons is unequal
electronegativity - Answers power to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - Answers forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
surface tension - Answers a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a
liquid
activation energy - Answers collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the
reactants so a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - Answers chemicals that speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - Answers is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - Answers catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - Answers both decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - Answers products can reverse to original reactants
