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EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
Pulmonary Embolus - correct answer -* partial or complete
occlusion of the blood flow to the pulmonary artery
* most commonly from a proximal DVT in the lower extremities
* may be cause from fragments, foreign body, an air bubble, fat
embolus from a fracture, and amniotic fluid
* risk factor= any risk factor for DVT or hypercoagulable state
* when embolus lodges it triggers serotonin, histamine,
catcholomines, angiotensin II inflammation mediators, and toxic
oxygen free radicals
* can cause increased pulmonary arterial pressure that leads to
right ventricular dilation, and increased afterflow
* the decreased blood flow causes a V/Q mismatch and
decreases surfactant production
* the decreased surfactant production causes atelectasis and
hypoxemia and can also cause lung infarction, decrease cardiac
output, shock and death.
* Saddle Embolus= sits on the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery
and can block all blood flow to the lungs
CM= vague but are syncope, cough, dyspnea, tachycardia, or
unexplained anxiety, hemoptysis may also be present.
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* diagnosis can be hard because symptoms are vague so pay
attention to risk factors in individuals that display these symptoms
Lung Cancer - correct answer -* usually malignant
* most lesions have metastisized from another cancer
* primary lung tumore are not as common
* 2 main types= non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and
neuroendocrine tumors
* Complications of lung cancer= superior vena cava syndrome,
hoarseness, pleural effusion, malnutrition, and weight loss
Lung Cancer- NSCLC - correct answer -* has three subtypes=
squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell
undifferentiated
* squamous cell carcinoma
- associated with smoking and COPD
- located in the hila and bronchi
- will have nonproductive cough or hemoptysis
-pneumonia and atelectsis are common
* adenocarcinoma
- more common in women, asians, and nonsmokers
- arise in the periphery fo the lung parenchyma
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-tend to be asymptomatic
- found on chest X-ray
* Large cell carcinoma
- arise centrally and can distort trachea
Lung Cancer- Neuroendocrine tumors - correct answer -* arise
from the bronchial mucosa
* most common is small cell carcinoma
* SCC tend to arise in the central part of the lung and is the
strongest coorelation with smoking, tumors are aggressive and
metastisize early, worst prognosis with lung cancer
Pulmonary arterial hypertension - correct answer -* pulmonary
arterial pressure greater than 25mmHg
* normal arterial pressure is 15-18
* idiopathic is more common in women
* may be secondary to a geneteic defect in the gene which codes
bone morphogentic protein receptor type II (BMPR2)
* risk factors= diet, medications, amphetamines, and cocaine
* may be caused by left ventricular heart fialure or left sided
valvular heart disease.
* a defect in ventricle or aortic or mitral valve will cause backflow
in the lungs causing PAH
EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
Pulmonary Embolus - correct answer -* partial or complete
occlusion of the blood flow to the pulmonary artery
* most commonly from a proximal DVT in the lower extremities
* may be cause from fragments, foreign body, an air bubble, fat
embolus from a fracture, and amniotic fluid
* risk factor= any risk factor for DVT or hypercoagulable state
* when embolus lodges it triggers serotonin, histamine,
catcholomines, angiotensin II inflammation mediators, and toxic
oxygen free radicals
* can cause increased pulmonary arterial pressure that leads to
right ventricular dilation, and increased afterflow
* the decreased blood flow causes a V/Q mismatch and
decreases surfactant production
* the decreased surfactant production causes atelectasis and
hypoxemia and can also cause lung infarction, decrease cardiac
output, shock and death.
* Saddle Embolus= sits on the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery
and can block all blood flow to the lungs
CM= vague but are syncope, cough, dyspnea, tachycardia, or
unexplained anxiety, hemoptysis may also be present.
, Page | 2
* diagnosis can be hard because symptoms are vague so pay
attention to risk factors in individuals that display these symptoms
Lung Cancer - correct answer -* usually malignant
* most lesions have metastisized from another cancer
* primary lung tumore are not as common
* 2 main types= non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and
neuroendocrine tumors
* Complications of lung cancer= superior vena cava syndrome,
hoarseness, pleural effusion, malnutrition, and weight loss
Lung Cancer- NSCLC - correct answer -* has three subtypes=
squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell
undifferentiated
* squamous cell carcinoma
- associated with smoking and COPD
- located in the hila and bronchi
- will have nonproductive cough or hemoptysis
-pneumonia and atelectsis are common
* adenocarcinoma
- more common in women, asians, and nonsmokers
- arise in the periphery fo the lung parenchyma
, Page | 3
-tend to be asymptomatic
- found on chest X-ray
* Large cell carcinoma
- arise centrally and can distort trachea
Lung Cancer- Neuroendocrine tumors - correct answer -* arise
from the bronchial mucosa
* most common is small cell carcinoma
* SCC tend to arise in the central part of the lung and is the
strongest coorelation with smoking, tumors are aggressive and
metastisize early, worst prognosis with lung cancer
Pulmonary arterial hypertension - correct answer -* pulmonary
arterial pressure greater than 25mmHg
* normal arterial pressure is 15-18
* idiopathic is more common in women
* may be secondary to a geneteic defect in the gene which codes
bone morphogentic protein receptor type II (BMPR2)
* risk factors= diet, medications, amphetamines, and cocaine
* may be caused by left ventricular heart fialure or left sided
valvular heart disease.
* a defect in ventricle or aortic or mitral valve will cause backflow
in the lungs causing PAH
