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Samenvatting Filosofie

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Uitgebreide samenvatting, volgt de structuur van de powerpoints en is aangevuld met notities uit de lessen EN uit het boek !

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L-Filosofische grondslagen van de geesteswetenschappen – inhoud
Inleiding en natuurfilosofen .............................................................................................................................. 5
Preliminaria (theoretisch) ................................................................................................................................ 5
Plato’s grot ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Filosofie en ideologie ................................................................................................................................... 6
Historiciteit van de filosofie ......................................................................................................................... 6
Wereldbeelden ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Canon .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Deel I: lotgevallen filosofische rationaliteit ...................................................................................................... 7
Oudheid....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Natuurfilosofen (p33)................................................................................................................................... 9
1 &2) Oudheid: Presocraten: Heraclitus & Parmenides, ethiek ..................................................................... 10
Heraclitus (°ca. 543 v.C.) ............................................................................................................................... 10
Filosofie van het worden ............................................................................................................................ 10
Parmenides (ca. 515-ca. 440 v.C.) ................................................................................................................. 13
Filosofie van het zijn .................................................................................................................................. 14
Ethiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Sofisten ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Socrates (469-399 v.C.).................................................................................................................................. 17
Ethisch intellectualisme ............................................................................................................................ 17
3) Systeembouwer: Plato (428-347 v.C.).......................................................................................................... 18
Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Continuïteit en vernieuwing: .......................................................................................................................... 18
Mythos .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Ethiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Epistemologie ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Twee werelden........................................................................................................................................... 20
Participatie en mimèsis ................................................................................................................................. 20
Ideeën van alles?........................................................................................................................................... 21
Aan gene zijde ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Het Goede ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Methode ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
‘Leren sterven’ ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Tegengewicht: scala amoris ....................................................................................................................... 22
4) Aristoteles (384-322 v.C.) ............................................................................................................................. 23
Systematische wetenschap .......................................................................................................................... 23
Categorieën................................................................................................................................................... 23

1

, Substantie en accidenten.............................................................................................................................. 24
Oorzaken ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
Statisch perspectief: hylemorfisme ............................................................................................................... 25
Kennis ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Dynamisch perspectief ................................................................................................................................. 25
Act en potentie .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Hoogste zijnde............................................................................................................................................... 25
Goddelijke zijnde ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Ethiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Deugd............................................................................................................................................................ 26
5) Rationalisme: Descartes ............................................................................................................................. 27
Moderniteit .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Nieuwe wetenschap ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Oplossing .................................................................................................................................................. 28
Methode ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Twijfel ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Eerste zekerheid: cogito (i) ......................................................................................................................... 29
Eerste zekerheid: cogito (ii) ........................................................................................................................ 29
Tweede zekerheid: God .............................................................................................................................. 30
Derde zekerheid: buitenwereld .................................................................................................................. 31
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
De brug.......................................................................................................................................................... 32
6&7) Empirisme & scepticisme: Locke & Hume ............................................................................................. 33
Locke ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
“No innate ideas!” ..................................................................................................................................... 33
An essay concerning human understanding, c. ii ....................................................................................... 33
An essay concerning human understanding, c. iv ...................................................................................... 34
An essay concerning human understanding, c. iv ...................................................................................... 34
Hume ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
Scepticisme............................................................................................................................................... 34
Michotte .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Vork van Hume .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Filosofisch woordenboek .............................................................................................................................. 36
Descartes, Locke & Hume ............................................................................................................................. 36
8) Kritisch idealisme: Kant .............................................................................................................................. 37
Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Uitgangspunt ................................................................................................................................................. 37

2

, Descartes, Locke & Hume ......................................................................................................................... 38
Copernicaanse revolutie............................................................................................................................ 38
Methode ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
Transcendentale esthetiek (i) ..................................................................................................................... 38
Transcendentale esthetiek (ii) .................................................................................................................... 39
Transcendentale analytiek (i) ..................................................................................................................... 39
Transcendentale analytiek (ii) .................................................................................................................... 40
Transcendentale analytiek (iii) ................................................................................................................... 40
Transcendentale dialectiek ........................................................................................................................ 41
Kritiek van de praktische rede (i) .................................................................................................................... 42
Kritiek van de praktische rede (ii) ................................................................................................................... 42
9) Nihilisme: Nietzsche ................................................................................................................................... 43
Einde van de moderniteit? ............................................................................................................................. 43
Revolutie en wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 43
J. Robert Oppenheimer .............................................................................................................................. 44
Onttroning van het subject ............................................................................................................................ 44
Conformiteitsexperiment Solomon Asch....................................................................................................... 46
Forer-effect ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Wijsgerige revolutie ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Kierkegaard, de herhaling, 68..................................................................................................................... 47
Friedrich Nietzsche circa 1875 ...................................................................................................................... 47
Cultuurkritiek ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Platonisme .................................................................................................................................................... 48
Joods-christelijke traditie .............................................................................................................................. 49
Remedie ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
De woorden van Zarathoestra ........................................................................................................................ 49
10&11) (Existentiële) fenomenologie: Husserl & Heidegger .......................................................................... 50
Husserl.......................................................................................................................................................... 50
Context ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Vertrekpunt ................................................................................................................................................ 50
Methode .................................................................................................................................................... 51
Realisme of idealisme?.............................................................................................................................. 52
Invulling intentionaliteit ............................................................................................................................. 52
Reconstructie & waarneming ..................................................................................................................... 52
Martin Heidegger ........................................................................................................................................... 54
Existentiële fenomenologie........................................................................................................................ 54
Existentialen (structurele kenmerken van Dasein) ..................................................................................... 55
Tijdelijkheid (temporale structuur van Dasein) ........................................................................................... 57

3

, Angst en dood ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Zijn en tijd (i) .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Zijn en tijd (ii) ................................................................................................................................................. 59
12) Exisentiële fenomenologie & politieke filosofie: Arendt .......................................................................... 60
Aanpak .......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Vita activa...................................................................................................................................................... 60
Nataliteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 60
Arbeiden........................................................................................................................................................ 61
Werken .......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Handelen ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
Pluraliteit en het politieke .............................................................................................................................. 62
Macht ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
De banaliteit van het kwaad .......................................................................................................................... 64
13) Deconstructie: Derrida (1930-2004) & poststructularisme ...................................................................... 65
Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Kritiek op traditie en Plato .............................................................................................................................. 66
Plato de schrijver ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Heteronomie ................................................................................................................................................. 68
Différance ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
De wereld als tekst ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Deconstructie ............................................................................................................................................... 69
Poststructuralisme en gendertheorie ............................................................................................................ 70
Poststructuralisme en postkoloniale theorie ................................................................................................. 71
14) Analytische wijsbegeerte: Wittgenstein ................................................................................................... 73
Taalfilosofie ................................................................................................................................................... 73
Modus significandi ........................................................................................................................................ 73
Continentale vs. analytische wijsbegeerte .................................................................................................... 74
Wittgenstein I ................................................................................................................................................ 75
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus................................................................................................................. 76
das Mystische (het onzegbare)................................................................................................................... 77
Wittgenstein II ............................................................................................................................................... 77
Philosophical Investigations, voorwoord.................................................................................................... 79
Russells paradox (excursus) ...................................................................................................................... 79




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