NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM: NR 507
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Questions 1–25
Question 1
From the perspective of microorganisms that cause disease, what is the final stage of the infectious process?
,A. Colonization
B. Invasion
C. Multiplication
D. Spread
Correct Answer: D. Spread
Rationale:
The infectious process progresses through four stages:
1. Colonization – organisms adhere and establish residence
2. Invasion – organisms penetrate host tissues
3. Multiplication – organisms replicate within the host
4. Spread – organisms disseminate to other tissues or hosts
The final stage is spread, which allows continuation of the infection cycle.
Question 2
Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?
A. Trachea
B. Left lung
C. Bronchus
D. Bronchioles
Correct Answer: C. Bronchus
Rationale:
Approximately 75% of aspirated foreign bodies lodge in the bronchi, most commonly the right main
bronchus due to its wider diameter and more vertical orientation. The trachea and bronchioles are less
common sites.
Question 3
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
A. Immature immune system
B. Small alveoli
C. Surfactant deficiency
D. Anemia
Correct Answer: C. Surfactant deficiency
, Rationale:
RDS occurs due to inadequate surfactant production, leading to alveolar collapse, decreased lung
compliance, and impaired gas exchange. Premature infants are particularly at risk.
Question 4
Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The resulting pain is severe
B. Benign tumors are not encapsulated
C. Benign tumors are fast growing
D. The cells are well-differentiated
Correct Answer: D. The cells are well-differentiated
Rationale:
Benign tumors are characterized by well-differentiated cells, slow growth, and encapsulation. Severe pain,
lack of encapsulation, and rapid growth are features of malignant tumors.
Question 5
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to
relieve hypoxic spells?
A. Lying on their left side
B. Performing the Valsalva maneuver
C. Squatting
D. Hyperventilating
Correct Answer: C. Squatting
Rationale:
Squatting increases systemic vascular resistance, reducing right-to-left shunting and improving pulmonary
blood flow, thereby increasing oxygenation.
Question 6
Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response?
A. IgA
B. IgE
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Questions 1–25
Question 1
From the perspective of microorganisms that cause disease, what is the final stage of the infectious process?
,A. Colonization
B. Invasion
C. Multiplication
D. Spread
Correct Answer: D. Spread
Rationale:
The infectious process progresses through four stages:
1. Colonization – organisms adhere and establish residence
2. Invasion – organisms penetrate host tissues
3. Multiplication – organisms replicate within the host
4. Spread – organisms disseminate to other tissues or hosts
The final stage is spread, which allows continuation of the infection cycle.
Question 2
Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?
A. Trachea
B. Left lung
C. Bronchus
D. Bronchioles
Correct Answer: C. Bronchus
Rationale:
Approximately 75% of aspirated foreign bodies lodge in the bronchi, most commonly the right main
bronchus due to its wider diameter and more vertical orientation. The trachea and bronchioles are less
common sites.
Question 3
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
A. Immature immune system
B. Small alveoli
C. Surfactant deficiency
D. Anemia
Correct Answer: C. Surfactant deficiency
, Rationale:
RDS occurs due to inadequate surfactant production, leading to alveolar collapse, decreased lung
compliance, and impaired gas exchange. Premature infants are particularly at risk.
Question 4
Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The resulting pain is severe
B. Benign tumors are not encapsulated
C. Benign tumors are fast growing
D. The cells are well-differentiated
Correct Answer: D. The cells are well-differentiated
Rationale:
Benign tumors are characterized by well-differentiated cells, slow growth, and encapsulation. Severe pain,
lack of encapsulation, and rapid growth are features of malignant tumors.
Question 5
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to
relieve hypoxic spells?
A. Lying on their left side
B. Performing the Valsalva maneuver
C. Squatting
D. Hyperventilating
Correct Answer: C. Squatting
Rationale:
Squatting increases systemic vascular resistance, reducing right-to-left shunting and improving pulmonary
blood flow, thereby increasing oxygenation.
Question 6
Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response?
A. IgA
B. IgE
