NSG 316 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Myocardium - ANS heart muscle that surrounds ventricles and atrium
Atria are thinner as they need to pump less strong
pericardium - ANS external layer that protects heart from injury/infection
endocardium - ANS 3 layered membrane that lines heart chambers
blockage of coronary arteries can lead to - ANS heart attack or stroke
heart failure - ANS increased pressure of cardiac overload
-pulm congestion
-inc amount of blood in pulm capillaries
Left sided heart failure - ANS dyspnea/SOB, pulmonary edema
right sided heart failure - ANS blood back up in the periphery and will present with edema
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,cardiomegaly - ANS abnormal enlargement of the heart due to over working to compensate
for decreased function
frequency - ANS high pitched or low pitched
what should you use the diaphragm of a stethoscope for - ANS high pitched, normal sounds
what should you use the bell of a stethoscope for - ANS low pitched, abnormal heart sounds,
murmurs
intensity/loudness - ANS loud or soft
duration - ANS short heart sounds, or silent periods
timing - ANS systole or diastole
carotid artery/pulse - ANS found in the neck. feel one at a time. S1 is felt
what is the most diminished pulse in the aging adult - ANS pedal pulse
normal heart sounds - ANS S1 and S2
S1 heart sound - ANS -occurs with closure of mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valve)
-"lub" sound
-loudest at apex (5th intercostal space at midclavicular line)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, S2 heart sound - ANS -occurs with closure of aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves)
-"dub" sound
-loudest at base of heart (2nd intercostal space)
abnormal heart sounds - ANS S3 and S4 sounds, murmurs, and bruits
S3 heart sounds - ANS -not usually heard
-gallop sound
-indication of HF
-occurs with ventricular resistance of filling
S4 heart sounds - ANS -create vibrations
-can be heard right before S1 sound
-occurs at end of diastole when ventricles resist filling
murmurs - ANS -from turbulent blood flow
-heard directly over heart
-gentle blowing/swooshing sound
murmur loudness scale - ANS 1-3: no thrill
4: feel thrill
5-6: feel and hear thrill
5: hear thrill through stethoscope
6: can hear thrill without stethoscope
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Myocardium - ANS heart muscle that surrounds ventricles and atrium
Atria are thinner as they need to pump less strong
pericardium - ANS external layer that protects heart from injury/infection
endocardium - ANS 3 layered membrane that lines heart chambers
blockage of coronary arteries can lead to - ANS heart attack or stroke
heart failure - ANS increased pressure of cardiac overload
-pulm congestion
-inc amount of blood in pulm capillaries
Left sided heart failure - ANS dyspnea/SOB, pulmonary edema
right sided heart failure - ANS blood back up in the periphery and will present with edema
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,cardiomegaly - ANS abnormal enlargement of the heart due to over working to compensate
for decreased function
frequency - ANS high pitched or low pitched
what should you use the diaphragm of a stethoscope for - ANS high pitched, normal sounds
what should you use the bell of a stethoscope for - ANS low pitched, abnormal heart sounds,
murmurs
intensity/loudness - ANS loud or soft
duration - ANS short heart sounds, or silent periods
timing - ANS systole or diastole
carotid artery/pulse - ANS found in the neck. feel one at a time. S1 is felt
what is the most diminished pulse in the aging adult - ANS pedal pulse
normal heart sounds - ANS S1 and S2
S1 heart sound - ANS -occurs with closure of mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valve)
-"lub" sound
-loudest at apex (5th intercostal space at midclavicular line)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, S2 heart sound - ANS -occurs with closure of aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves)
-"dub" sound
-loudest at base of heart (2nd intercostal space)
abnormal heart sounds - ANS S3 and S4 sounds, murmurs, and bruits
S3 heart sounds - ANS -not usually heard
-gallop sound
-indication of HF
-occurs with ventricular resistance of filling
S4 heart sounds - ANS -create vibrations
-can be heard right before S1 sound
-occurs at end of diastole when ventricles resist filling
murmurs - ANS -from turbulent blood flow
-heard directly over heart
-gentle blowing/swooshing sound
murmur loudness scale - ANS 1-3: no thrill
4: feel thrill
5-6: feel and hear thrill
5: hear thrill through stethoscope
6: can hear thrill without stethoscope
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
