MGY 250 Final Exam Study Guide Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Hierarchical shotgun sequencing - Answers Break up DNA, sequence and find overlapping
pieces, then assemble
Purpose of hierarchical shotgun sequencing - Answers Could be a way to reconstitute an
accurate assembly
DNA cloning - Answers Assemble recombinant DNA and direct their replication within model
organisms
Purpose of DNA cloning - Answers Produce a large quantity of a single gene
Sanger sequencing - Answers Selective incorporation of chain-terminating deoxynucleotides by
DNA polymerases during in-vitro DNA replication
Sanger sequencing has multiple steps - Answers 1. DNA is cut up into smaller pieces that are
inserted into plasmid DNA
2. Plasmid DNA is put into bacterial cells producing many copies
3. DNA is isolated from bacteria and sent for sequencing
4. Isolated DNA is put on plate with mixture of ingredients and fluorescent tags
5. Temperature is increased, then decreased, and once again increased to a lesser extent6. Step
5 is repeated until desired length of terminator nucleotides is reached
Temperature changes in Sanger sequencing - Answers 1. Heat is used in order to break down
the DNA strands and allow separation
2. Cooler temperature allows binding of primers to plasmid DNA
3. Temperature increased to a lesser extent so DNA polymerase binds to primer DNA
Chromosome - Answers Packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a
living organism
,Chromosome segregation occurs during - Answers Mitosis and also meiosis
Banding pattern can be made visible by - Answers Staining mitotic cells in prophase
____ is landmark for naming chromosomes - Answers Centromere
First number in chromosome name is - Answers The chromosome
After first number in chromosome name, letter ____ indicates long arm and letter ____ indicates
short arm - Answers Q
P
Second number in chromosome name indicates - Answers Region of chromosome
Final number in chromosome name indicates - Answers Location of region relative to
centromere
Karyotyping - Answers Process of pairing & ordering all chromosomes of organism to provide
genome wide snapshot of chromosomes when condensed during mitosis
Gene - Answers DNA made up of nucleotides; basic unit of heredity
Allele - Answers Version of a gene; get one from each parent
Loci - Answers Position of a gene on a chromosome
Mitosis - Answers Part of cell division where the nucleus splits in two (chromosome into two
nuclei)
Mitosis steps - Answers Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis II is similar to - Answers Mitosis
Prophase - Answers Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Prometaphase - Answers Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the
kinetochores of the chromosomes
Metaphase - Answers Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - Answers Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off
DNA replication takes place prior to - Answers Cell division
If DNA is in condensed state - Answers Replication has already occurred
, Interphase - Answers Cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis (cell division); spends most of
the time here
Interphase has 3 stages - Answers 1. Growth
2. DNA replication
3. Cell functions
CRISPR - Answers Technology with ability to perform gene editing or altering of genetic code
quickly, easily, and cheaply
Medical genetics - Answers Application of genetics to health and disease
Development of ethical guidelines for CRISPR - Answers 500 scientists and legal advocasts
culminated in Washington DC
Ethical issues with CRISPR - Answers If someone gets tested for hereditary genetic disease,
their parent or other family member may not want to know test results but will
CRISPR has the potential ability to - Answers Alter tissues affected by disease
Genome - Answers All the DNA in a cell or organism
Genomics - Answers Applies large-scale analysis to the human genome and directs findings to
medical care
Transcription - Answers Converting DNA to RNA by polymerase adding complementary base
pairs to make a new strand
Telomere - Answers Repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome that protect
the ends of it and act as "caps" to hold the DNA together
Prevents translocation and fusion and DNA degradation
Centromere - Answers The point of the chromosome that is attached to a spindle fibre during
cell division
Where kinetochore is found for mitotic spindle to attach
Recombination - Answers Rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in
chromosomes
Gametes are formed through - Answers Meiosis
Hierarchical shotgun sequencing - Answers Break up DNA, sequence and find overlapping
pieces, then assemble
Purpose of hierarchical shotgun sequencing - Answers Could be a way to reconstitute an
accurate assembly
DNA cloning - Answers Assemble recombinant DNA and direct their replication within model
organisms
Purpose of DNA cloning - Answers Produce a large quantity of a single gene
Sanger sequencing - Answers Selective incorporation of chain-terminating deoxynucleotides by
DNA polymerases during in-vitro DNA replication
Sanger sequencing has multiple steps - Answers 1. DNA is cut up into smaller pieces that are
inserted into plasmid DNA
2. Plasmid DNA is put into bacterial cells producing many copies
3. DNA is isolated from bacteria and sent for sequencing
4. Isolated DNA is put on plate with mixture of ingredients and fluorescent tags
5. Temperature is increased, then decreased, and once again increased to a lesser extent6. Step
5 is repeated until desired length of terminator nucleotides is reached
Temperature changes in Sanger sequencing - Answers 1. Heat is used in order to break down
the DNA strands and allow separation
2. Cooler temperature allows binding of primers to plasmid DNA
3. Temperature increased to a lesser extent so DNA polymerase binds to primer DNA
Chromosome - Answers Packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a
living organism
,Chromosome segregation occurs during - Answers Mitosis and also meiosis
Banding pattern can be made visible by - Answers Staining mitotic cells in prophase
____ is landmark for naming chromosomes - Answers Centromere
First number in chromosome name is - Answers The chromosome
After first number in chromosome name, letter ____ indicates long arm and letter ____ indicates
short arm - Answers Q
P
Second number in chromosome name indicates - Answers Region of chromosome
Final number in chromosome name indicates - Answers Location of region relative to
centromere
Karyotyping - Answers Process of pairing & ordering all chromosomes of organism to provide
genome wide snapshot of chromosomes when condensed during mitosis
Gene - Answers DNA made up of nucleotides; basic unit of heredity
Allele - Answers Version of a gene; get one from each parent
Loci - Answers Position of a gene on a chromosome
Mitosis - Answers Part of cell division where the nucleus splits in two (chromosome into two
nuclei)
Mitosis steps - Answers Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis II is similar to - Answers Mitosis
Prophase - Answers Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Prometaphase - Answers Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the
kinetochores of the chromosomes
Metaphase - Answers Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - Answers Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off
DNA replication takes place prior to - Answers Cell division
If DNA is in condensed state - Answers Replication has already occurred
, Interphase - Answers Cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis (cell division); spends most of
the time here
Interphase has 3 stages - Answers 1. Growth
2. DNA replication
3. Cell functions
CRISPR - Answers Technology with ability to perform gene editing or altering of genetic code
quickly, easily, and cheaply
Medical genetics - Answers Application of genetics to health and disease
Development of ethical guidelines for CRISPR - Answers 500 scientists and legal advocasts
culminated in Washington DC
Ethical issues with CRISPR - Answers If someone gets tested for hereditary genetic disease,
their parent or other family member may not want to know test results but will
CRISPR has the potential ability to - Answers Alter tissues affected by disease
Genome - Answers All the DNA in a cell or organism
Genomics - Answers Applies large-scale analysis to the human genome and directs findings to
medical care
Transcription - Answers Converting DNA to RNA by polymerase adding complementary base
pairs to make a new strand
Telomere - Answers Repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome that protect
the ends of it and act as "caps" to hold the DNA together
Prevents translocation and fusion and DNA degradation
Centromere - Answers The point of the chromosome that is attached to a spindle fibre during
cell division
Where kinetochore is found for mitotic spindle to attach
Recombination - Answers Rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in
chromosomes
Gametes are formed through - Answers Meiosis
